LESSON 4 MORAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY

LAWRENCE KOHLBERG THEORY

Lawrence Kohlberg (1927–1987)

was an American psychologist at the University of Chicago and later

Harvard. He was deeply influenced by Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, particularly Piaget's early work on moral judgment in children.

Carol Gilligan

argued the theory is biased toward a Western, male, justice-based view

of morality and neglects an "ethic of care";

Pre-Conventional Morality

Morality is externally controlled; rules are obeyed

to avoid punishment or gain reward. Typical of young

children.

Stage 1. Obedience and Punishment Orientation

“I do it because I don't want punishment.”

Stage 2. Instrumental/ Self-Interest Orientation

Also known as the “Individualism & Reward” —“I do it because I get something.”

CONVETIONAL MORALITY

Morality is tied to social approval, relationships, and law and order. Typical of

most adolescents and adults.

Stage 3. Good interpersonal Relationships (Good Boy/ Good

Girl)

“I want people to think I'm good.”

Stage 4. Maintaining Social Order

“I follow rules because rules keep society organized.”

POST- CONVENTIONAL MORALITY

Morality is based on abstract principles and personal conscience, which may go

beyond or against societal laws. Kohlberg believed many adults never fully reach this level.

Stage 5. Social Contract and Individual Rights

“Rules should be fair and protect people's rights.”

Stage 6. Universal Ethical Principles

“I do what I believe is morally right.”