lecture 2 military explosions

what are 5 uses of explosives

• mining

• excavation

• cladding

• forensics

• research

where was gunpowder invented

in china

what is the deflagration process

2 KNO3 + S + 3C → K2S + N2 + 3 CO2

what happens to carbon during deflagration

its not all consumed

what does unconsumed carbon appear like

soot

in the deflagration process what is the oxidiser

KNO3

in the deflagration process what are fuels

S, C

what is being reduced in the deflagration process

K (red)

what acts as a stabiliser in the deflagration process

K

when was smokeless powder developed

1800 s

what is gun cotton made of

nitrocellulose

what is used to add nitro groups in explosive chem

nitric acid

what was the first commonly used high explosive

picric acid

what makes picric acid unstable

adding heavy metal salr

are heavy metal salts stable or unstable

unstable

what shells are better than Pb shells

Fe

in picric acid where are the nitrate groups moved to

2,4,6 positions

what moves the nitrate groups in picric acid

strong acidd

when was TNT developed

1863

is TNT or picric acid more sensitive

picric

what explosive was used as armour piercing shells

TNT

why is the nitration of toluene for TNT slower than phenol forming picric acid

phenol is electron rich

what is labelled her majesties explosive

RDX, HMX

what type of power doed RDX HNX have

high shattering power

what position does RDX have nitrite groups

2,4,6 (rdx)

what was originally used for cornonary heart disease

nitro glycerine

what is nitroglycerine important for

detection

what process is used to make ammonium nitrate

haber bosch

what do you combine ammonium nitrate with to make ANFO

fuel oil

what type os explosive is ANFO

tertiary

what is sentex made up of

RDX + PETN

what is PBX

plastic polymer bonded explosive

what is a plastic polymer bonded explosive

95% explosive with polymer binder

what does PBX use as explosive component

HMX

what synthetic rubber does RBX use with HMX

polybutadiene

are polymer bonded explosive high sensitivity or low sensitivity

low

what does the polymer binder do in PBX

acts as integral sacrificial barrier and captures most of the blast overpressure

what are 3 applications of PBX

nucelar weapon detonation

cruise missiles

high performance applications

what does PBX use as a polymer component

flurorpolymer

what is figure of insensitivity

measure of impact sensitivity

what is the figure of insensitivity test

1kg weight dropped from height onto explosive and likelihood of initiation measured

out of C-ONO₂ > N-NO₂ > C-NO_{2 which is easier to initiate}

C-ONO2

out of C-ONO₂ > N-NO₂ > C-NO_{2 WHICH IS HARDEST TO INITATE}

C-NO2

what is figure of insensitivity proportional to

enthalpy

what is used in F of I

volumetric enthalpy of detonation

what does a tighter lattice mean

more heat generated on initiation