AP exam 2

Plasma membrane

regulates passages of substances into and out of the cell

rough endoplasmic reticulum

has ribosomes fro protein synthesis

mitochondria

produces ATP

Golgi Apparatus

packages substances for release from the cell

centriole

directs formation of the middle spindle 

lysosome

digests worn out cells

Cilia

propels substances over the surface of the cell

Microvilli

Increases the surface area of substances into and out of the cell

Nucleus

Contains DNA

Flagella

propels the cell forward

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Synthesizes lipids and cholesterol

Microtubule

parts of cytoskeleton

The phase between cell divisions often divided into 3 stages 

interphase

DNA replication occurs during this phase

S phase

Routine metabolism takes place during this phase

First gap phase (G1)

The cell prepares for division

Second gap phase (G2)

A resting phase where certain cells DO NOT replicate very frequently are in

G zero

The division of a cell’s 

Mitosis 

Any of a group a proteins that regulates a cell’s progression through the cell cycle

Cyclines

Nuclear envelope breaks down, spindle forms 

Prophase

chromosomes align at the middle of the cell

metaphase

nuclear envelope reforms in each daughter cell

telophase

chromosomes move slowly apart toward opposite ends of the cell

anaphase

cytoplasm divides

Cytokinesis

Examples include pinocytosis and phagocytosis 

Endocytosis

substances move from an area of high pressure to low pressure

Filtration

Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane

osmosis

requires ATP, Used to more substances against their concentration gradient (From low to High) such as in solute pumping

Active Transport

Substances move across the membrane as a vehicle ruptures

Exocytosis

Movement of a solute from an area of high concentration through pores in the plasma membrane or through the membrane itself

Simple diffusion

Passive transport utilizing carrier proteins 

Facilitated diffusion

What are the four elements that form the structural basis of the cell

Oxygen, Carbon, Nitrogen, Hydrogen

what part of the cell cycle does the cell spend the majority of its time

interphase

which of the following in not an event that occurs during interphase

Division of the DNA

The self-destruction mechanism that destroys cells with abnormal DNA is called?

apoptosis

which of the following explains the purpose of apoptosis

it helps to eliminate worn out and dying cells, it helps to prevent cells with damage DNA from replicating, it helps to prevent cells with deficits in nutrients and other cellular components from  replicating 

what are examples of cells that under go little occurrence of Mitosis

heart muscle and nerve cell

cells that undergo frequent mitosis are referred to as

labile

how many daughter cells are formed as a result of each mitotic division 

2

the process that involves the formation of an RNA strand from a DNA template is call

Transcription

the process that involves the formation of a protein from a RNA strand is call

Translation

the process that involves the formation of a protein from a RNA strand occurs in the

Ribosomes

The process that involves the formation of RNA strand from DNA temple occurs

Nucleus

Which of the following Is not true about the cell  membrane 

it contains proteins for specialized function

the process in which a protein is assembled as tRNA reads the mRNA message is

Translation

Which of the following is true regarding complimentary base pairs

in RNA, guanine pairs with cytosine while adenine pairs with uracil

When diffusion stops we say the solution has reached

equilibrium

describe the differences between the rate of diffusion seen for urea

Urea diffused more slowly because it is larger than sodium

two types of passive transport are

diffusion and filtration

where is the main site of blood filtration in the human body

kidneys

the molecules in the cell membrane that serves as transport carrier, receptors, or binding sites for hormone or other chemical messengers are the 

proteins 

a cell would plump with water and possibly burst in what type of solution

hypertonic

what would be an example of a situation that would require active transport

moving substance from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration

which of the following increases the rate of facilitated diffusion

Increasing the number of carriers

Which of the following would increase the rate of Filtration

Increasing the driving pressure

an increase in blood pressure would probably initially________ filtration in the kindneys 

increase the rate of 

in osmosis, water diffuses

toward area of higher solute concentration

which of the following is true regarding osmosis

it is the movement of water from high concentration to low concentration

when a solute is able to diffuse across a membrane,

there is no net movement of a water

Thinking about what you no about osmosis: which of the following would you expect to happen to a cell as the fluid surrounding it becomes more concentration during time of dehydration

water would move from the cell interior to the exterior causing it to shrivel