Biology Semester 2 year 10

Biodiversity

The variety of life, the genetic material that gives specific characteristics to fit to the ecosystem that they survive in

5 types of interactions with examples

predation, competition , parasitism, mutualism, commensalism

What is Competition and an example

When animals are fighting of a certain item such as a habitat, food. Intraspecific (same) two sharks fighting over a fish , Interspecific ( different) dolphin and shark fighting over fish

What is predation and an example

When an animal fights over Lion gazelle, insect, spider

What is mutualism and an example

When both animals benefit Anemone and clownfish

What is commensalism and an example

When one benefits and the other is not bothered Bird and cow

What is parasitism and an example

When one benefits and the other is harmed tick and dog

ecosystem

Biodiversity in an environment

abiotic factors

Non living e.g ph., temp, soil, water, light

biotic factors

Living things animals , plants fungi

Adaptions and example

is a heritable trait that helps an organism to best fits its environment e.g shell of a turtle or long neck of giraffe

What is the classififcation order

Domain, Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

What is the difference between asexual and sexual

Asexual - not dependent on another organism, creates genetically identical offspring, e.g bacteria. Sexual - Dependent on another organism, creates genetically different offspring, e.g humans

what are the three questions topographers ask

1. Is there DNA in the nucleus
2. is there a cell wall
3. autotroph or heterotroph

what are the three types of sexual reproduction

Monotreme - lays eggs (platypus)
Marsupial - Has a pouch (kangaroo)
Placental - placenta (humans)

what are the three different domains

Bacteria, archaea, Eukarya

What are the 5 different kingdom systems

Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protist, Monera

What are the 2 types of phylum and examples of 1

vertebrates (Fish, Amphibians, Reptile, Mammal, Birds) and invertebrates

Binomial Nomenclature

Scientific name for organisms e.g. homosapiens

LOOK AT TABLE FLASH CARD

IT IS IN YOUR LAPTOP CASE

What are the characteristics of an R selected species

Fast gestation with many offspring, e.g. rabbits, more chance of survival, short life expectancy, unstable environment, cannot reproduce more than once , Graph J (up then waves)

characteristics of K selected species

Slow gestation creates 1 offspring, e.g. humans, More nurture, long life expectancy, stable environment, Can reproduce more than once , Graph S (up then steady)

3 assumptions of cladistics

1. common ancestor
2. they diverge into 2 (cladogenesis)
3. organisms differ slightly (adapt) over time

What is a cladogram

A graph/chart to show how cladistics may have occurred, the closer the nodes the more closley related they are

What are genetically rooted trees

A graph/chart that shows genetic change, the longer the more genetic change

What is a niche

A specific role in an environment that an organism plays in an ecosystem

What are the different tolerance ranges

Optimum, tolerance, intolerance

What are the different categories of an organism

Producers - Autotrophs, plant. Consumers - First order - herbivores Second orders - Carnivores Third order omnivores. Detritivores - eat decomposing matter
Decomposers - bacteria and fungi release enzymes that decompose

Symbiosis

Two organisms that live in close vicinity

What are the different ways of sampling (sampling techniques)

Random
Stratified
Systematic

what are the different measures of ecological sampling

Evenness - spread out species
Abundance - Number of 1 species
Richness 0 Number of different species
Simpsons diversity index - how diverse

What is random sampling?

There is no pattern in selection or habitat

What is stratified sampling?

Dividing the population into groups e.g. camels in 1 section and plants in another and cows in another

What is sytematic sampling?

When there is a gradient and a set of rules e.g like every 3 meters

population density formula

number of individuals/unit area

what does BDIE stand for

Birth death immigrant emmigrant

growth rate formula

birth rate - death rate
or
births/ pop - deaths/pop

population change formula

(births + immigration) - (deaths + emigration)

New population formula

starting population +(births + immigration) - (deaths + emigration)

examples of animals with niches

extremophiles
Koala (sleep and eat eucalyptus)

Population Percentage change

Pop change(B+I)-(D+E)/popx100

What is competitive exclusion principle

no two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time meaning they have to adapt

what is character displacement

When two species have the same niche and compete

What are the different types of solutions to competitive exclusion

Divergent evolution, adapt, die, spatial separational, temporal separation

Benefits of invasive species

Usually plants, creates more producers/more food

Limitations of invasive species

Usually animals, causes competition occurs, disrupted food web e.g cane toads - poisonous, no predator Camels - erosion, Rabbits - erosion, r selected

Characteristics of keystone species

broad diet, disproportionate population, bad if removed

examples of keystone species

parrotfish and algae, flying fox and forest plant, dingo's

What is the Simpsons diversity index and explain how to do it

1 minus then a fraction. The top part is the sum of symbol the n(n-1) and the bottom is N(N-1)

Trophic levels

levels of nourishment in a food chain

Do producers contain more energy or do consumers

Producers as the lower the trophic level the more energy

What is ecological succession?

A environment that changes overtime

what are the two types of ecological succession and explain what they are

primary - occurs usually with rocks and is building a new environment and secondary - usually happens with grass and is building from an existing environment that was damaged

Examples of primary and secondary succession

Primary - glacier retreat, lava cooling Secondary - wildfire, storm

What are some traits pioneer species need to have

Autotroph, tolerance, Nitrogen fixation, photosynthesis, r strategist

Examples of pioneer species

lichen, bacteria, fungi, grass

What is a pioneer species?

The first species in the environment that help build the environment that are dispersed by wind

which successions recovery speed faster

Secondary - faster because already existing things were there Primary - slower because building from nothing

What is a climax community?

A stable, long-established community (stops drastically changing)

what is the energy flow of an ecosystem

producers - consumers- detritivore, decomposers

Explain the energy pyramid

The bottom is producers and then goes thinner to the top of tertiary consumers. The top of the triangle is thin because energy is lost through heat and mass although the mass goes back to the bottom to producers again. Energy is lost meaning that the consumer is not absorbing all of the energy from the previous organism.

What is a trophic level?

Shows the level of the energy pyramid and shows how much energy is lost through heat etc and gained by the next animal

food chain

A strand of a food web A->B means B eats A

Productivity

The amount of total energy

Biomass

Amount of total mass

What are the 6 element in life?

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur

What are the 5 main cycles

Carbon, Oxygen,water, Nitrogen, phosphorus

What is reservoir pool

reserve of matter

Cycling

Constantly changing (e.g. evaporation, rainfall)

Where do the arrows point in a food web

Up

What are the 5 examples of fossils

Organism Skeleton, Sedimentary rock, Ice core sample, pollen

What are the 2 methods used to find out about fossils ?

Radiocarbon dating, relative dating

explain what radiocarbon dating is

Everything has carbon in it and if tested and a lot of radiocarbon waves are released the newer it is

explain what relative dating is

Relative dating is about the layers in fossils examples being the composition of a tree or the layers of a rock

What is the Anthropocene?

How humans are destroying the environment

What is a nucleotide made of?

sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base

What nitrogen bases pair with each other

adenine with thymine or uracil and guanine with cytosine

What is a pyrimidine?

Single ringed nitrogenous base (C, U, T)

What is a purine?

double ringed nitrogenous base, (A & G)

What are the steps to packaging protein

DNA -> Histone-> Nucleosome -> Chromatin fiber -> chromosome

What are the 2 types of histone tails

Acetylation - Loosely packed Euchromatin expressed (or accessible) Methylation - Tightly packed, heterochromatin, not usable

Differences between RNA and DNA

1. uracil
2. Single strand
3. Ribonucleic acid

What are the 4 steps of DNA replication

1. Separation - DNA helicase
2. Initiation - DNA Primase
3. Elongation - DNA Polymerase
4. Termination - DNA Ligase

What happens in gene expression

Transcription - mRNA is built, this is transported and unnecessary sections are cut off which then goes to a ribosome filled with rRNA which puts triplets (codon) the tRNA has the anticodon which allows a polypeptide chain to form to create protein

What are the 2 types of gene mutation

point mutation and frameshift mutation

What are the types of point mutation and describe them

Silent - Different nucleotide but same amino acid
Missense - Different nucleotide makes different amino acids but doesn't affect the rest of the chain
Nonsense - Gives a STOP indication so nothing else is made affecting the rest of the chain

What are the different frameshift mutations

Deletion, insertion

What are the types of chromosomal mutations

Block chromosomal mutations are - deletion duplication inversion and translocation
Non disjunction - About the chromosomal split in Cell duplication

What are the two types of non disjunction mutation

Monosomy - 1 chromosome e.g turners syndrome
Trisomy - 3 chromosomes e.g down syndrome

Mutagenes

UV radiation

What was lamarks theory

The more you use it the more improvement

Darwin's Theory of Evolution

natural selection

Darwin's Postulates

1. great reproduction 2. population size is consistent 3. Variation 4. they change over time

Microevolution and give example

Change in allele frequencies but in the same species (e.g dogs to different types)

Macroevolution give example

Evolutionary change above the species level (dolphin to shark)

steeped or punctuated evolution

a major change occurs and if beneficial it stays

What is a phylogenetic tree?

branch shows how long the organism has stayed the same similar to cladograms

What is evolutionary radiation

a large number of species from a single ancestor (divergent evolution)

What is adaptive radiation?

when diverging each new organism adapts to fit their specific environment

natural selection

Inheriting a viable trait in order to best fit the environment around