Studied by 11 people
Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.
Who was Louis Armstrong?
Louis Armstrong was a pioneering jazz musician, trumpeter, and singer from New Orleans, known for his influential contributions to jazz music (began swing as well) and his charismatic stage presence.
He almost single-handedly created a new form of music while overcoming poverty and racism.
He was the only Black jazz musician to publicly speak out against school segregation.
Who was Marcus Garvey?
A Jamaican political leader, publisher, journalist, entrepreneur, and activist who was an important part of the Black nationalism and Pan-Africanism movements.
He founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL) in 1914.
Garvey advocated for the economic, social, and political empowerment of black people and promoted the idea of Africans returning to their ancestral lands as a means of building a strong and independent society
Who was Jacob Lawrence?
Jacob Lawrence was an American painter known for his portrayal of African-American historical subjects and contemporary life
"The Migration Series": a sequence of 60 panels painted in 1940-1941 that depicts the Great Migration of African Americans from the rural South to the urban North after World War I.
Between 1942 and 1943 he made a group of thirty paintings that again focused on life in Harlem. Themes: black working women, health concerns, leisure time, and the role of religion and spirituality in people's daily lives.
What were the Roaring 20’s?
A decade of economic growth (nation’s total wealth doubled) and widespread prosperity. More people lived in cities than on farms.
Driven by post-World War I recovery, technological advancements, and cultural innovations.
Known for its significant changes in lifestyle and culture:
the rise of jazz music
the flapper phenomenon
increased automobile use
the loosening of social codes (drinking and adult jumping jacks).
It ended with the stock market crash of 1929, leading into the Great Depression.
What was the Red Scare (1917-1920)?
Fear of communism and radical leftism in the United States, leading to widespread paranoia and suspicion
The U.S. government conducted investigations and purges to root out supposed communists and socialists within its borders, affecting politics, the media, and the lives of many individuals.
What was prohibition?
A period in the US during which the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages were banned.
Enacted through the 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and the Volstead Act in 1920
Goal: reduce crime, corruption, and social problems associated with alcohol consumption.
Outcome: A rise of bootlegging, speakeasies, and organized crime.
Prohibition was repealed in 1933 by the 21st Amendment, ending the nationwide ban on alcohol.
What are flappers?
Young women in the 1920s who embraced new fashions and social attitudes that were considered unconventional at the time.
They challenged traditional norms by wearing short skirts, bobbing their hair, listening to jazz, and partaking in behaviors deemed inappropriate for women, such as smoking in public and driving cars.
The flapper lifestyle and look symbolized the liberation of women and the broader cultural shifts happening during the Roaring Twenties, reflecting the era's spirit of freedom and defiance of societal norms.
What was Boll Weevil?
The boll weevil is a beetle that feeds on cotton buds and flowers.
Native to Mexico —> United States, causing widespread destruction to the cotton industry in the Southern states.
Its infestation led to significant economic hardship for cotton farmers and was a major factor in the diversification of agriculture
Contributing to the Great Migration of African American workers from the rural South to the urban North for better opportunities.
What was the Great Migration?
Refers to the mass movement of approximately six million African Americans from the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West
Motivation: The desire to escape racial segregation, being deprived rights (voting), and escape violence in the South. People found better economic opportunities and living conditions in Northern and Western cities.
What was the Harlem Renaissance (Harlem, New York)?
A period of vibrant African American cultural expression and was considered a golden age in African American culture, manifesting in literature, music, stage performance, and art.
Core Idea: Celebration of African American heritage and the push for civil rights and social equality.
What was the radio?
Transmits information without wires, revolutionizing how people receive information/entertainment. More information and more influence.
What was the Automobile?
A self-propelled vehicle designed for transportation on public roads (a car).
Transformed society by providing unprecedented mobility and freedom to individuals.
Pioneered by Henry Ford
What does the term “Laissez Faire” mean?
“Let do” or “let go” = policy of minimal government intervention in the economy.
Goals: free market capitalism, transactions between private parties are free from government restrictions, tariffs, and subsidies.
The term is often associated with classical liberalism and the belief that economies function best when markets are left to operate without undue interference from the state.
Who was Herbert Hoover (31st president from 1929-1933)?
He was a Republican and took office just months before the Stock Market Crash of 1929, which led to the Great Depression.
His presidency is often criticized for his handling of the economic crisis.
Hoover believed in a limited role for government and advocated for voluntary cooperation between businesses and workers rather than direct governmental intervention in the economy.
His policies were seen as inadequate to address the severity of the Depression, leading to his defeat by Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1932 presidential election.’
saxton: gov shouldn’t help, rugged individualism: “believe in yourself”
Who was Dorothea Lange?
A photographer who humanized the consequences of the Great Depression and influenced the development of documentary photography.
"Migrant Mother": captures the suffering and resilience of a destitute pea picker in California in 1936. “Help me.”
Lange's work for the Farm Security Administration (FSA) helped bring attention to the plight of impoverished farmers and migrant workers, and her photographs remain powerful symbols of the era's hardships.
What is the significance of an uneven economy? *
Wealth Inequality: Few rich and many poor people. This meant that majority of people didn’t have any buying power while few rich people did. This led to declines in production and employment.
Sectoral Imbalances: Some areas of the economy (like agriculture and heavy industry) faced more difficulties compared to others. Overproduction led to falling prices and less income = vulnerable downturn.
Financial Instability: Bank failures made the economy worse.
Protectionist Policies: Led to a decline in international trade impacting American and global economies
High unemployment rates = people bought less things
saxton: overproduction of materials
What was the significance of an unbalanced business system? *
An unbalanced system is made from overreliance on certain sectors, unequal distribution of wealth, and bad investment strategies. This leads to:
Higher chance of economic downturns since if a big sector does bad then the economy will be controlled by it.
Lack of diversity and resilience in the economic structure made recovery more difficult.
Certain groups faced socioeconomic inequalities, making economic growth difficult.
Saxton: people were buying goods on credit, unbalancing the system. ex: cars - once everyone has a car, then overproduction occurs.
What was the Farm Crisis?
Overproduction and Falling Prices: farmers increased production from WWI, but them the level of demand fell making the prices fall as well.
High Debt and Foreclosures: farmers took out loans to buy land and materials post-war, but then they could not repay the debts
Saxton: WWI —> higher production needed, so US sent them food on credit. Then after the war Europe doesn’t need food anymore, leading to more employers and less demand.
What was the significance of the distribution of wealth?
There was less rich people and more people who had no money.
pyramid scheme.
wealth being concentrated in the hands of few leads to economic instability and less growth. Only a small potion of people can invest into consumer goods/services.
What was the significance of international debts?
saxton: US in WWI sent a lot of goods to Europe. US bought stuff on credit. France and England didn’t have any money to repay the US back. Europe owes US money.
What was the banking crisis? *
widespread bank runs and over 9,000 failures from 1930 to 1933 due to depositor panic and liquidity issues.
Without federal insurance, the failure of banks —> significant losses for depositors —> reducing consumer spending and investment.
The banking crisis —> sharp contraction in credit availability as surviving banks curtailed lending, further depressing investment and consumption.
What was the dust bowl?
Caused by: prolonged drought conditions, poor agricultural practices, and absence of crop rotation/soil conversation
Effects: dust storms (black blizzards), health problems, killed livestock, and abandoned farms.
Saxton: the big drought in the west.
What was the stock market crash?
Black Tuesday: record number of shares traded, market plummeted, wiping out billions of dollars of wealth in a matter of hours.
Decreased consumer spending and investment
Bank crisis: banks had invested heavily in the market leading to a failure and issues in credit.
What was the great depression?
A severe economic worldwide downturn which began after the stock market crash. It led to:
High unemployment
declines in industrial production
changes in government economic policies
Who was Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR, 1933-1945)? *
32nd President of the United States, serving four terms
Roosevelt's presidency significantly expanded the role of the federal government in American life.
Roosevelt's administration saw the passage of banking reform laws, emergency relief programs, work relief programs, and agricultural programs. The New Deal(s)
Who was Eleanor Roosevelt? *
wife of FDR
served as the First Lady of the United States from 1933-1945, becoming one of the most active and influential First Ladies in U.S. history
Strong advocate for civil rights, women's rights, and social justice, using her public platform to push for change, including her support for the African American civil rights movement and her role in drafting the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as a delegate to the United Nations after her husband's death.
Who was John Maynard Keynes? *
Saxton: He came up with the idea of the government helping people. Keynes thing. Deficit spending. Keynesian economics theory
A British economist whose ideas fundamentally changed the theory and practice of macroeconomics and the economic policies of governments
Best known for his advocacy of government intervention in the economy, especially during recessions, to stop the harms the adverse effects of economic downturns.
"The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money" (1936): argued that insufficient demand could lead to prolonged periods of high unemployment, advocating for fiscal and monetary policies to stimulate demand.
Who was Francis Perkins?
The first woman appointed to the U.S. Cabinet, serving as Secretary of Labor from 1933-1945 under President FDR, making her the longest-serving Secretary of Labor and a key figure in the New Deal era.
She was a leading advocate for labor and workers' rights and important in crafting groundbreaking New Deal legislation like the:
Social Security Act
Fair Labor Standards Act (which established minimum wage and maximum hours standards)
laws improving workplace safety and unemployment benefits.
What was the Black Cabinet?
An unofficial group of African American public policy advisors to President FDR during the New Deal era.
Led by Mary McLeod Bethune
It included influential African Americans from various government positions.
They worked to ensure that the New Deal programs were inclusive and addressed the needs of African Americans, who were disproportionately affected by the Great Depression.
They played a crucial role in advocating for civil rights and economic opportunities within the Roosevelt administration.
What was the New Deal?
Saxton: Modern Liberalism: The government directly helps people.
A series of programs, public work projects, financial reforms, and regulations enacted by President FDR in the United States between 1933-1939, aimed at recovering from the Great Depression.
New Deal programs helped improve the lives of people suffering from the events of the depression.
In the long run, New Deal programs set a precedent for the federal government to play a key role in the economic and social affairs of the nation.
What was the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)?
Supported businesses who supported the minimum wage
RECOVERY
1st New Deal
What was the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)?
Hired young men to replant forests and build parks
RELIEF
1st New Deal
What was the Works Progress Administration (WPA)?
Hired young men to build schools and funded the arts
RELIEF
2nd New Deal
What was the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)?
Insured Bank Deposits
REFORM
1st New Deal
What was the Social Security Administration (SSA)?
Provided monthly pensions to retired workers
RELIEF
2nd New Deal
What was the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)?
Provided hydro-electricity to the South
RECOVERY
1st New Deal
What was the Civil Works Administration (CWA)?
Employed men to build public buildings
RELIEF
1st New Deal
What was the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)?
Provided farm subsidies/money to help farmers but was unconstitutional
RECOVERY
1st New Deal
What was the Farm Security Administration (FSA)?
Provided farm subsidies/money to help farmers
RECOVERY
2nd New Deal
What was the Federal Housing Administration (FHA)?
Gave low interest loans for middle class families
REFORM
1st New Deal
What was the Civil Works Administration (CWA)?
Employed men to build public buildings
RELIEF
1st New Deal
What was the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)?
Provided work, food, and money too people
RELIEF
1st New Deal
What was “bootlegging”?
The illegal manufacture, distribution, and sale of alcoholic beverages during the Prohibition era in the United States (led to organized crime as well).
What were “speakeasies”?
Illicit establishments that sold alcoholic beverages during Prohibition.
"speakeasies”: patrons had to speak quietly or use a code word to gain entry, to avoid attracting the attention of law enforcement
Note 
Flashcard (26)