Intro to Psychology Chapters 1-4

Aristotle

Developed theories on learning, memory, motivation, emotion, perception and personalitly

Wilhelm Wundt

First psychological laboratory

Ivan Pavlov

Pioneer of learning

Sigmund Freud

Personality theorist: physcian that treated mental illness

Psychodynamic Theory

Mary Calkins

First female president of the American Psychological Association

Margaret Washburn

First woman to receive a Ph.D in psychology.

Psychology

Scientific study of behavior and mental processes

Behaviorism

Observed behavior only because the mental processes can not be seen. Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow.

Nature and Nurture

the ability to learn and adapt

Levels of Analysis

-biological

-psychological

-social cultural

Neuroscience

Study of the body and brain. Emotions, memories and sensory experiences.

Evolutionary Psychology

Study natural selection and how it influences behavior

"why we do the things we do"

Freudian Slips

Unconscious mind

ex. knife

Basic Research

builds psychology knowledge base

Applied Research

seeks solutions to problems

Counseling Psychologist

cope with problems of living

ex marriage

Clinical Psychologist

treat troubled and mental behaviors

Psychiatrist

provide psychotherapy and psychological disorders

Scientific Method

Guide to study behavior and mental processes. Make observations, form theories that can be revised from predictions

Operation definitions

Others can replicate their findings

Case study

research strategy with individuals which are studied in depth to reveal universal principles

Survey

research method in which a group of people is questioned about attitude or behaviors

Random Sampling

represents a good population being studied. Everyone has a chance at being studied.

Naturalist Observation

people and animals are directly observed

-jean piaget

Correlated

one factor is accompanied by changes in another.

Positive correlation

two factors increase or decrease together

Negative correlation

one decreases and other increases

cause and effect

illusory correlation

perceived correlation that does not exist

Research Experiments

research manipulates the facor of interest while holding a constant.

Double-blind procedure

when participants and the people collecting data dont know the conditions.

independent variable

factor being manipulated

dependent variable

measurable factor that may change as a result to the independent variable

culture

ideas, behavior, attitudes and traditions. Passes on from generationt to generation.

sQ3r

survey, question, read, review and reflect

John Watson

Psychology should investigate only behaviors that can be observed

BF Skinner

pioneer of operant conditioning who believed that everything we do is determined by our past history of rewards and punishments. he is famous for use of his operant conditioning aparatus which he used to study schedules of reinforcement on pidgeons and rats.

Social-cultural perspective

how people differ as products of different environments

behavior genetics perspective

how much genes and environment contribute to individual differences

humanistic psychology

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow

Historical roots of psychology

biology and philosophy

Plato

Greek philosopher that believed intelligence was inherited

Biopsychosocial Approach

human emotions are understood and being heredity,learning and individual social and cultural contexts.

neurons

nerve cells that build the neural system.

dendrites

branches that receive messages

axon

sends messages

myelin sheath

insulates the axon. It is a fatty substance that speeds neural impulses.

Action Potential

electrical charge that travels down the axon

synapse

junction between two neurons

synaptic gap

discovered by sir charles sherrington

the gap

neurotransmitters

chemical messengers that convey information between neurons

-Ach:muscle contration, learning and memory

-endorphins-opiatelike in the brain

dopamine-low parkinsons and high schitz

Endocrine system

transmits information through hormones

epinephrine

nonepinephrine

Chromosomes

each person inherits 46; 23 from each parent each is composed of DNA

Genome

complete instructions of a person their genetic make up

twins

indentical-one egg

fraternal-two eggs

temperment

inborn personality

Norms

cultural groups evolve their own rules

types of culture

individualism-u.s. canada and western europe based on independence

collectivism africa and asia based on independence and harmony

individualist- suffer more lonliness, divorce, homoside, and stress related disease

gender schemas

social learning theory learn what males and females do and adjuct their behavior

gender role

expected behaviors for males and females

gender-typing

traditional gender roles

ex women clean

human traits

influenced by many genes acting together