Quick Guide for Final Exam in Biology I

A comprehensive set of flashcards covering essential concepts for the Biology I final exam.

Levels of organization of matter

Includes subatomic particles, atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, systems, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, and the biosphere.

CHONPS

The primary bioelements that include Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), and Sulfur (S).

Essential bioelements

Include Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P), Sulfur (S), Iron (Fe), and Magnesium (Mg) for cellular processes.

Prokaryotic cell

A cell without a nucleus and with free DNA, typically bacteria.

Eukaryotic cell

A cell with a nucleus and organelles, including plants and animals.

Nucleus

The organelle containing DNA.

Mitochondria

Organelles that produce energy in the form of ATP.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

Involved in the production of proteins.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

Involved in the synthesis of lipids.

Golgi apparatus

Responsible for packaging proteins.

Lysosomes

Organelles that digest waste materials.

Chloroplasts

Organelles responsible for photosynthesis.

Plasma membrane

Regulates the entry and exit of substances in a cell.

Cell wall

Provides support in plant cells.

Nucleic acids

Biomolecules including DNA and RNA that store and transmit genetic information.

Base pairs in DNA

A-T (Adenine-Thymine) and C-G (Cytosine-Guanine) pairings.

Function of DNA

To store genetic information.

Cell cycle

The series of phases a cell undergoes, including mitosis and meiosis.

Mitosis

A type of cell division producing two identical daughter cells.

Meiosis

A type of cell division producing four distinct gametes.

Cellular metabolism

Includes processes like glycolysis and cellular respiration.

Glycolysis

The process of converting glucose into pyruvate.

Cellular respiration

The process that occurs in mitochondria to produce ATP.

Photosynthesis

The process of converting carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen using light.

Biotechnology

The application of biology to technology, including medical, agricultural, industrial, and environmental uses.

Red biotechnology

Refers to the application of biotechnology in medicine.

Green biotechnology

Refers to the application of biotechnology in agriculture.

White biotechnology

Refers to the application of biotechnology in industry.

Gray biotechnology

Refers to the application of biotechnology in environmental contexts.

Examples of biotechnology

Insulin production, genetically modified organisms (GMOs), and yogurt fermentation.

Taxonomy

The science of classifying organisms.

Plant kingdoms

Organisms that are autotrophic, containing chloroplasts and composed of cellulose.

Fungi kingdoms

Organisms that are heterotrophic, lacking chloroplasts and containing chitin.