Addiction ch 12

By January 16, 1919,

46 of the 48 states ratified the amendment (Connecticut and Rhode Island rejected the 18th amendment),

Volstead Act

required that chemicals be added to industrial alcohol to make it unpleasant and even dangerous to drink

Bootleggers

Someone who illegally distills or sells liquor.

Rumrunners

Someone who illegally smuggles liquor across a border.

speakeasies

illegal and clandestine nightclubs and drinking spots—began to sprout up in cities.

On December 5, 1933,

21st Amendment to the Constitution was ratified, repealing the 18th Amendment and returning control over alcohol policies to the states

Most societies have developed rules or regulations around alcohol use, which include all of these factors

restrictions on female and underage alcohol consumption.

proscription of solitary drinking

social control of intoxicated behavior.

fermentation

Production of alcohol from sugars through the action of yeast.

malting

Germination produces an enzyme that allows the starches in the grain to be converted into fermentable sugars

Alcoholic proof is the

measure of how much ethanol an alcoholic beverage contains and typically equals twice the percentage of alcohol

Rhe basic ingredients necessary to produce alcohol via fermentation are

sugar, water, and yeast.

The type of food also can influence the rate of alcohol absorption Fats are emptied from the stomach more slowly so

slow ethanol’s absorption

Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)

An enzyme that metabolizes ethanol into acetaldehyde.

Gastric (stomach) ADH metabolizes

15–20 percent of alcohol, while hepatic (liver) ADH breaks down the rest.

Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)

The enzyme that breaks down acetaldehyde.

Which of the lists below is in the correct order for the metabolic process of ethanol?

Ethanol → acetaldehyde → acetyl CoA → CO₂ + H₂O

3. Alcohol easily crosses the _______, absorbs better in _______ than _______, and disperses more easily the more _______ a person has.

blood-brain barrier; muscle; fat; body fluid

Alcohol causes dopaminergic cells in the VTA to

release dopamine to the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and nucleus accumbens

Due to its role in learning and memory formation, this neurotransmitter has been implicated in memory loss associated with alcohol intoxication.

Glutamate

may exacerbate hangovers

Chemicals that are produced during fermentation, which give color, flavor, and odor to alcohol (congeners)

An intoxicated person is at an increased risk of which dangerous condition due to a combination of effects including dilation of peripheral blood vessels and lowered sense of awareness?

Overexposure to cold leading to hypothermia

All the following are acute effects of alcohol on sensory perception

loss of peripheral vision and reduced ability to see distant objects

decreased sensitivity to pain.

blurred or double vision.

delirium tremens (DTs)

A severe withdrawal symptom experienced by some chronic alcoholics, involving convulsions, disorientation, anxiety, and hallucinations.

Wernicke’s encephalopathy

A neurological disorder caused by a deficiency of thiamine, characterized by mental confusion, abnormal eye movements, and an unsteady gait.

Korsakoff’s syndrome

A syndrome of severe mental impairment that features loss of coordination, disorientation, and a tendency to make up stories to cover memory loss of recent events.

The liver normally metabolizes fatty acids, but

the liver metabolizes alcohol first, causing fat to accumulate.

Alcoholic cirrhosis

A chronic liver condition characterized by replacement of liver cells with scar tissue, leading to loss of liver function.

Fetal alcohol syndrome is defined by four criteria:

maternal exposure to alcohol; certain craniofacial anomalies in the child; pre- and postnatal growth retardation; and neurological abnormalities,