Chemistry 162 - Molarity, Solutions, and Intermolecular Forces

Vocabulary flashcards covering molarity calculations, polyatomic ions, diatomic molecules, matter classifications, solution concepts, and classes of intermolecular forces from Chemistry 162 notes.

Molarity

The measure of concentration defined as moles of solute per liter of solution ($\text{H}_2\text{O}$), expressed as $M = \text{mol/L}$.

Solute

The component of a solution that is present in a smaller amount (less of).

Solvent

The component of a solution that is present in a larger amount (more of).

Aqueous Solution

A solution in which water ($\text{H}_2\text{O}$) acts as the solvent.

Salt

Any ionic compound, such as $\text{NaCl}$ or $\text{MgBr}_2$.

Ammonium

A polyatomic ion with the chemical formula $\text{NH}_4^+$.

Carbonate

A polyatomic ion with the chemical formula $\text{CO}_3^{2-}$.

Hydroxide

A polyatomic ion with the chemical formula $\text{OH}^-$.

Nitrite

A polyatomic ion with the chemical formula $\text{NO}_2^-$.

Nitrate

A polyatomic ion with the chemical formula $\text{NO}_3^-$.

Sulfite

A polyatomic ion with the chemical formula $\text{SO}_3^{2-}$.

Sulfate

A polyatomic ion with the chemical formula $\text{SO}_4^{2-}$.

Phosphate

A polyatomic ion with the chemical formula $\text{PO}_4^{3-}$.

Diatomic Molecules

Molecules that do not exist on their own as single atoms, including $\text{H}_2$, $\text{N}_2$, $\text{O}_2$, $\text{F}_2$, $\text{Cl}_2$, $\text{Br}_2$, and $\text{I}_2$.

Pure Substances

A classification of matter that includes elements and compounds.

Mixtures

A classification of matter that includes homogeneous mixtures and heterogeneous mixtures.

Intermolecular Forces (IMF)

Attractive or repulsive forces that occur between individual molecules.

London Dispersion Forces (LDF)

The weakest class of intermolecular forces caused by temporary transient induced dipoles; present in all molecules (both polar and nonpolar), and the only IMF found in nonpolar molecules.

Dipole-Dipole Interaction

An intermolecular force existing only between polar molecules, caused by the attraction between the partially positive ($\delta^+$) region of one molecule and the partially negative ($\delta^-$) region of another molecule.

Hydrogen Bonding

A strong intermolecular attraction (not a true chemical bond) between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to a $\text{N}$, $\text{O}$, or $\text{F}$ atom and a second $\text{N}$, $\text{O}$, or $\text{F}$ atom.