Pharm unit 2

The purpose of body fluids is __________ and carrying away waste products.

Delivering nutrients and oxygen rich blood to tissues

Newborns have __________ of body weight in water.

80%

Adult males have __________ of body weight in water.

60%

Adult females have __________ of body weight in water, due to more fat and estrogen.

50%

Daily water gains and losses are approximately __________ per day.

2400 mL

Gains in body water come from food, drink, and __________.

metabolism

Sensible losses of water occur through the __________ and lungs.

skin

The majority of water is lost in __________.

urine

The intracellular compartment (ICF) holds __________ of total body water.

2/3

The most common electrolyte in the intracellular compartment is __________.

Potassium (K+)

The extracellular compartment (ECF) consists of interstitial fluid () and plasma ().

75%; 25%

The most common electrolyte in the extracellular compartment is __________.

Sodium (Na+)

Isotonic solutions have __________ sodium concentrations inside and outside the cell.

normal

Hypotonic solutions have __________ solute concentration outside the cell.

low

A memory trick for hypotonic solutions is "Hippo tonic" because cells __________.

swell up like a hippo

In hypertonic solutions, there is __________ solute concentration outside the cell.

high

In osmosis, water moves from __________ to __________ to balance concentrations.

low; high solute concentration

The sodium-potassium pump normally has sodium (Na+) __________ the cell and potassium (K+) __________ the cell.

outside; inside

An important memory trick for the sodium-potassium pump is "salty __________."

banana

The purpose of the sodium-potassium pump is to allow muscle cells to __________ and maintain balance of sodium and potassium.

contract

Hydrostatic pressure at the arterial end of capillaries pushes __________ blood to tissues.

oxygen-rich

Colloid osmotic pressure at the venous end pulls fluid and __________ back into the circulatory system.

waste products

High solute concentration triggers the thirst mechanism through __________ in the brain.

osmoreceptors

ADH (Anti-Diuretic Hormone) leads to __________ when water content is low.

kidneys reabsorbing water

SIADH is characterized by __________ due to excess ADH release.

water retention

Diabetes Insipidus occurs due to __________ ADH secretion.

decreased

Increased urine output is a symptom of __________ Insipidus.

Diabetes

The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) begins with decreased blood __________.

volume/pressure

Renin triggers the liver to release __________.

angiotensin

Angiotensin II causes __________ and release of aldosterone.

vasoconstriction

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide Hormone (ANP) is released when there is too much __________.

volume

Isotonic volume deficit is also known as __________.

dehydration

In isotonic volume deficit, sodium levels remain __________.

normal

Causes of isotonic volume deficit include excessive __________ and diarrhea.

sweating

Treatment for isotonic volume deficit includes isotonic solutions like __________.

0.9% sodium chloride

Signs of dehydration include tachycardia, low blood __________, and concentrated urine.

pressure

Isotonic volume excess is characterized by normal sodium levels but __________ volume.

high water

Fluid overload is a cause of isotonic volume excess and may present with pulmonary __________.

edema

Hypertonic fluid deficit has __________ sodium levels and __________ water levels in the bloodstream.

high; low

Treatment for hypertonic fluid deficit involves hypotonic solutions such as __________ sodium chloride.

0.45%

Hypotonic fluid excess has __________ sodium and __________ water levels in the blood.

low; high

A treatment for hypotonic fluid excess includes hypertonic fluids to __________ fluid out of cells.

pull

Localized edema is caused by __________ and inflammation.

injury

Generalized edema is often due to __________ failure.

organ

Decreased blood osmotic pressure can be due to low __________ levels.

albumin

Kidneys regulate sodium levels through systems like the __________.

Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS)

The normal range for sodium (Na+) is __________ mEq/L.

135 to 145

Hyponatremia is defined as sodium levels less than __________ mEq/L.

135

High sodium levels can lead to fluid retention and conditions like __________ syndrome.

Cushing's

Hypernatremia is characterized by sodium levels over __________ mEq/L.

145

Symptoms of hypernatremia include neurological agitation and __________.

restlessness

The normal range for chloride (Cl-) is __________ mEq/L.

96 to 106

Hypochloremia (low chloride) occurs when levels fall below __________ mEq/L.

96

Hyperchloremia (high chloride) is defined as chloride levels greater than __________ mEq/L.

106

Potassium (K+) is mainly regulated by the __________.

kidneys

The normal range for potassium (K+) is __________ mEq/L.

3.5 to 5.0

Hypokalemia is defined as potassium levels less than __________ mEq/L.

3.5

Hyperkalemia is diagnosed when potassium levels exceed __________ mEq/L.

5.0

Calcium (Ca2+) is primarily regulated by the __________ hormone.

parathyroid

The normal range for calcium (Ca2+) is __________ mg/dL.

8.5 to 10.5

Hypocalcemia is characterized by levels below __________ mg/dL.

8.5

Symptoms of hypocalcemia include muscle twitching known as __________.

tetany

Treatment for hypocalcemia can include calcium supplements like __________.

calcium gluconate

Hypercalcemia occurs when calcium levels are above __________ mg/dL.

10.5

Phosphorus and calcium have an __________ relationship.

inverse

The normal range for phosphorus (PO4-) is __________ mg/dL.

2.5 to 4.5

Hypophosphatemia is characterized by phosphorus levels falling below __________ mg/dL.

2.5

Symptoms of hypophosphatemia include bone pain and __________.

weakness

Treatment for hyperphosphatemia often involves dietary restrictions of __________ foods.

high-phosphorus

Magnesium (Mg2+) ranges between __________ mEq/L.

1.5 to 2.5

Hypomagnesemia occurs when magnesium levels fall below __________ mEq/L.

1.5

Symptoms of hypomagnesemia can be similar to low calcium and low __________.

potassium

Magnesium is essential for __________ production and muscle contraction.

energy

Hypermagnesemia occurs when magnesium levels exceed __________ mEq/L.

2.5

Symptoms of hypermagnesemia include muscle weakness and __________.

hyporeflexia

Kidneys are responsible for regulating hydrogen ions to maintain __________ balance.

acid-base

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) measures the volume of blood filtered through the glomerulus every __________.

minute

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is characterized by a sudden decrease in __________.

urine output

Pre-renal AKI is caused by inadequate blood flow to the __________.

kidneys

Intrarenal AKI involves direct __________ to kidney tissue.

damage

Rhabdomyolysis can lead to myoglobin release that damages the __________.

kidneys

Post-renal AKI occurs due to obstruction of urine flow __________ the kidneys.

below

The oliguric phase of AKI is characterized by decreased __________ output.

urine

Treatment for AKI may involve managing electrolyte levels due to impaired kidney __________.

function

Early recognition of AKI is crucial for improving the chances of __________.

recovery