HUMANBIOLOGY_CHAPTER29

The immune system fights disease-causing agents called ______.

pathogens

White blood cells originate from stem cells in ______. 

bone marrow

The ______collects fluid that leaks from blood.

lymphatic system

The ______ are nonspecific and act against any type of invader.

innate defenses

What is the most extensive physical barrier that prevents foreign substances from entering the body?

skin

What part of the immune system provides a general, widespread defense against many invaders?

innate defense

The function of the innate defenses is to ______

defend against any invader.

What immune response involves B and T cells that act against specific pathogens?

adaptive

What type of cell is one of the first to respond to infection by engulfing invaders and displaying antigens linked to proteins on its surface?

macrophage

In cell-mediated immunity, ______ kill damaged or invading cells through direct cell-to-cell contact.

cytotoxic T cells

In innate defenses, some white blood cells utilize ______to eliminate invaders.

phagocytosis

Each different type of B cell produces a unique antibody that targets a specific ______.

antigen

Memory B cells and memory T cells trigger the ______.

secondary immune response

After macrophages engulf invading pathogens, ______ from the pathogens can be linked to proteins to be displayed on the macrophage surface.

antigens

A vaccine contains ______ that trigger a primary immune response, including the formation of memory cells that can later mount a secondary immune response.

antigens from a pathogen

In cell-mediated immunity, helper T cells secrete cytokines that enhance the rate of cell division of ______ T cells, which destroy virus-infected or cancerous cells.

cytotoxic

When the body's self antigens are attacked by the immune system, a person has an ______.

autoimmune disorder

Each unique B cell produces a unique ______ , which is a protein that recognizes a specific antigen.

antibody

In immunodeficiency, the immune system ______.

lacks essential components

The adaptive immune system's reaction to a new foreign antigen is called ______, which can take days or weeks to reach its peak effectiveness.

the primary immune response

What immune response involves B and T cells that act against specific pathogens?

adaptive

Pollen, dust mites, and fur can be ______ that trigger an allergic reaction.

allergens

How do vaccines work?

antigens in the vaccine stimulate a primary immune response without causing illness

An autoimmune disorder occurs when immune cells attack ______.

the body's own cells

Individuals with a(n) ______ condition are vulnerable to opportunistic pathogens.

immunodeficiency

A(n) ______ is when the immune system launches an exaggerated attack against a harmless substance.

allergy