General Biology Chapter 2

Atom

Basic unit of matter

Nucleus

Center of an atom

Electron

negatively charged particle; located in the space surrounding the nucleus

Element

A pure substance made of only one kind of atom

Isotope

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons

Compound

substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions

Ionic Bond

A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions.

Ion

A charged atom

Covalent Bond

A chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons

Molecule

smallest unit of most compounds that displays all the properties of that compound

Van der Waals forces

a slight attraction that develops between the oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules

Hydrogen bond

weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom

Cohesion

Attraction between molecules of the same substance

Adhesion

An attraction between molecules of different substances

Mixture

2 or more elemental compounds physically mixed together, but not chemically combined.

Solution

A mixture that forms when one substance dissolves another.

Solute

A substance that is dissolved in a solution.

Suspension

A mixture in which particles can be seen

pH scale

measurement system used to indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in solution; ranges from 0 to 14

Acid

any compound that forms H+ ions in solution

Base

a compound that produces hydroxide(OH-) ions in solution

Buffers

weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH

Monomer

a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.

Polymer

a naturally occurring or synthetic compound consisting of large molecules made up of a linked series of repeated simple monomers

Carbohydrates

compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; major source of energy for the human body

Monosaccharides

Single sugar molecules

Lipids

large and varied group of biological molecules that are generally not soluble in water

Nucleic Acids

macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus

Proteins

macromolecules that contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Chemical Reactions

a process that changes, or transforms, one set of chemicals into another

Reactants

elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction

Products

The elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction.

Activation Energy

Energy needed to get a reaction started

Catalyst

substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

Enzymes

proteins that act as biological catalysts (speed up chemical reactions)

Substrates

the reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions

Simple Sugars (glucose)

What are the monomers of Carbohydrates?

Starch, Cellulose, and Glycogen

What are the Polymers of Carbohydrates?

Fatty Acids

What are the monomers of Lipids?

Fats, oils, waxes, steroids

What are the polymers of Lipids?

Nucleotides

What are the monomers of Nucleic Acids?

DNA and RNA

What are the polymers of Nucleic Acids?

Amino Acids

What are the monomers of proteins?

Collagen, Enzymes, Antibodies

What are the polymers of proteins?

Carbon-Hydrogen Chains

What are Fatty Acids made from?

Provide energy/structure

What do carbohydrates do?

Carbon

What are Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acids, and Proteins made of.

Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen, usually in a 1:2:1 ratio

What are Carbohydrates made of (elements)?

Long chains of Sugar Molecules

What are polysaccharides?

Starch

What form do plants use to store glucose?

Cellulose

What is a tough fiber, that makes up cell wall?

Glycogen

What type of carb. do animals use to store glucose?

Animals

Do plants or animals use saturated fats?

Plants

Do plants or animals use unsaturated fats?

Carbon-Hydrogen bonds

What type of bond is most abundant in Saturated fats?

Butter

What is an example of Saturated fats?

Carbon-Carbon Bonds

What type of bond is most abundant in Unsaturated Fats?

Olive Oil

What is an example of Unsaturated Fats?

Carry Information

What do Nucleic Acids do?

Sugar, Phosphate, and Nitrogen

What are nucleotides made up of?

Stores and organism's genetic blueprint

What does DNA Do?

Helps make protein in the cells

What does RNA do?

Provide structure and support

What do Proteins do?

Long chain of amino acids

What are Polypeptides?

Collagens

What is the most abundant Protein?

The Skin and Bones

Where are Collagens found

Act as a catalyst to speed up chemical reactions in the body.

What do Enzymes do?

Help the immune system fight diseases

What do antibodies do?

Endergonic

What are chemical reactions that absorb energy?(P>energy R)

Exergonic

What are Chemical Reactions that release energy?(P<energy R)

Enzymes bind with substrates on their activation sight

How does an enzyme-substrate complex Form?

Temperature and pH

What affects enzyme shape/function