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personality
the style of interacting with the world and other people
True or False: Personality is relatively enduring predispositions that influence our behavior across situations.
true
What is a trait?
a characteristic influencing our behavior
What are basic tendencies?
underlying personality characteristics
What are characteristic adapatations?
how the basic tendencies are manifested in specific behaviors
What is the lexical hypothesis?
important personality dimensions are reflected in language
What is the goal of trait approach?
to boil personality down to its elemental parts
What is factor analysis?
a statistical method for finding determining factors underlying patterns in data
What are the big 5 factors?
openness to experience
conscientiousness
extraversion
agreeableness
neuroticism
What are the 6 factors of HEXACO?
humility
emotionality
extraversion
agreeableness
conscientiousness
openness
What is conscientiousness correlated with?
good grades
successful job performance
physical health
What is neuroticism positively correlated with?
psychopathology
What are some additional culture-specific factors?
China - Chinese tradition factor
Northern Europe - honesty and humility
Forager farmers in Bolivia (only 2 factors: industriousness and prosocial)
What is important to know about changes in personality traits?
agreeableness, conscientiousness, and emotional stability increase from 30 to later life
What is Gray’s theory of personality?
personality is determined by 2 interacting motivational systems
What is the function of the behavior activation system?
governs approach to rewarding activity
What is the function of the behavior inhibition system?
governs avoidance of threat
What is neuroticism correlated with?
brain regions associated with regulating emotion and responding to negative outcomes
What is agreeableness correlated with?
brain regions associated with facial perceptions and understanding people’s actions and intentions
What is conscientiousness correlated with?
brain regions in the PFC involved in representing goals and exerting self-control
What is extraversion correlated with?
less activity in frontal areas involved in inhibition and active dopamine pathways
What is the internal locus of control?
believing you have control over your life
What is the external locus of control?
believing you are at the mercy of the world
What is having an external locus of control correlated with?
psychological distress
What is sensation-seeking related to?
dopamine processing
orienting responses to stimuli
What is a need for cognition?
the desire to engage in effortful thinking
What are some characteristics associated with a need for cognition?
people high on a need for cognition are less easily persuaded
they may be less influenced by stereotypes when making judgements
more inclined to use “system 1” reasoning (though still use heuristics and reach incorrect conclusions)
associated with both fluid and crystallized intelligence
less physically active
What are the two criteria for measuring personality?
valid and realiability
What is reliability?
the test produces the same results each time
What is validity?
the test measures what you re trying to measure; it correlates with other measures or with behavior
What is the PT Barnum effect?
people are inclined to believe feedback, if it’s general feedback that could be true of anyone
What is the most popular personality test?
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Is the MBTI reliable?
no
What are the types of objective tests?
self-report
informant raintgs
behavioral observations
What are characteristics of a subjective test?
ambiguous stimuli that examinees must interpret or make sense of
answers must be interpreted
What is the advantage of a self report?
you know yourself well
What are the disadvantages of a self report?
self-enhancement bias
reference group effect
What is the self-enhancement bias?
present yourself flavorably
What is a reference group effect?
compare yourself to those around you; they not be typical
What is the advantage of an informant report?
others may know you well and not have the self-enhancement bias
What are the disadvantages of an informant report?
have more limited access
are likely to be close to you and may be biased to enhance your positive qualities
True or False: Both self-report and informant rating measures of the Big 5 appear to be quite valid and reliable.
true
What is a widely used objective test?
the MMPI
What are the characteristics of the MMPI test?
10 basic scales to distinguish people with mental disorders from those without
3 scales to detect distortions of answers
What are two projective tests?
the Rorschach Inkblot Test
Thematic Apperception Test
is the RIT or the TAT reliable or valid?
no
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