PSYC 100: Personality

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46 Terms

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personality

the style of interacting with the world and other people

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True or False: Personality is relatively enduring predispositions that influence our behavior across situations.

true

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What is a trait?

a characteristic influencing our behavior

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What are basic tendencies?

underlying personality characteristics

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What are characteristic adapatations?

how the basic tendencies are manifested in specific behaviors

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What is the lexical hypothesis?

important personality dimensions are reflected in language

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What is the goal of trait approach?

to boil personality down to its elemental parts

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What is factor analysis?

a statistical method for finding determining factors underlying patterns in data

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What are the big 5 factors?

  • openness to experience

  • conscientiousness

  • extraversion

  • agreeableness

  • neuroticism

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What are the 6 factors of HEXACO?

  • humility

  • emotionality

  • extraversion

  • agreeableness

  • conscientiousness

  • openness

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What is conscientiousness correlated with?

  • good grades

  • successful job performance

  • physical health

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What is neuroticism positively correlated with?

psychopathology

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What are some additional culture-specific factors?

  • China - Chinese tradition factor

  • Northern Europe - honesty and humility

  • Forager farmers in Bolivia (only 2 factors: industriousness and prosocial)

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What is important to know about changes in personality traits?

  • agreeableness, conscientiousness, and emotional stability increase from 30 to later life

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What is Gray’s theory of personality?

personality is determined by 2 interacting motivational systems

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What is the function of the behavior activation system?

governs approach to rewarding activity

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What is the function of the behavior inhibition system?

governs avoidance of threat

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What is neuroticism correlated with?

brain regions associated with regulating emotion and responding to negative outcomes

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What is agreeableness correlated with?

brain regions associated with facial perceptions and understanding people’s actions and intentions

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What is conscientiousness correlated with?

brain regions in the PFC involved in representing goals and exerting self-control

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What is extraversion correlated with?

less activity in frontal areas involved in inhibition and active dopamine pathways

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What is the internal locus of control?

believing you have control over your life

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What is the external locus of control?

believing you are at the mercy of the world

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What is having an external locus of control correlated with?

psychological distress

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What is sensation-seeking related to?

  • dopamine processing

  • orienting responses to stimuli

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What is a need for cognition?

the desire to engage in effortful thinking

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What are some characteristics associated with a need for cognition?

  • people high on a need for cognition are less easily persuaded

  • they may be less influenced by stereotypes when making judgements

  • more inclined to use “system 1” reasoning (though still use heuristics and reach incorrect conclusions)

  • associated with both fluid and crystallized intelligence

  • less physically active

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What are the two criteria for measuring personality?

valid and realiability

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What is reliability?

the test produces the same results each time

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What is validity?

the test measures what you re trying to measure; it correlates with other measures or with behavior

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What is the PT Barnum effect?

people are inclined to believe feedback, if it’s general feedback that could be true of anyone

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What is the most popular personality test?

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

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Is the MBTI reliable?

no

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What are the types of objective tests?

  • self-report

  • informant raintgs

  • behavioral observations

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What are characteristics of a subjective test?

  • ambiguous stimuli that examinees must interpret or make sense of

  • answers must be interpreted

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What is the advantage of a self report?

you know yourself well

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What are the disadvantages of a self report?

  • self-enhancement bias

  • reference group effect

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What is the self-enhancement bias?

present yourself flavorably

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What is a reference group effect?

compare yourself to those around you; they not be typical

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What is the advantage of an informant report?

others may know you well and not have the self-enhancement bias

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What are the disadvantages of an informant report?

  • have more limited access

  • are likely to be close to you and may be biased to enhance your positive qualities

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True or False: Both self-report and informant rating measures of the Big 5 appear to be quite valid and reliable.

true

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What is a widely used objective test?

the MMPI

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What are the characteristics of the MMPI test?

  • 10 basic scales to distinguish people with mental disorders from those without

  • 3 scales to detect distortions of answers

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What are two projective tests?

  • the Rorschach Inkblot Test

  • Thematic Apperception Test

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is the RIT or the TAT reliable or valid?

no