AP Human Geography | Unit 2 Terms and Definitions

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57 Terms

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Population distribution

The spread of people in an area

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Arithmetic / Crude density

Total population in ratio to the total area of land

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Arable land

Land that can be used to grow crops

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Physiological density

Total population in ratio to the total area of arable land

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Agricultural density

Total number of farmers in ratio to the total area of arable land

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Carrying capacity

Maximum population size an environment can sustain

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Population composition

The demographic characteristics of a certain population

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Population pyramid

A graph showing age-sex distributions of a given population at a given time

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Sex ratio

Proportion of males to females in a population

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Dependency ratio

Number of people in a dependent age group (below 15 years or 65 years and older) in ratio to the number of people in the working age group (15-64) multiplied by 100

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Elderly dependency ratio

Number of people 65+ years old divided by the working age population (15-64)

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Youth / Child dependency ratio

Number of children under the age of 15 divided by the working age population (15-64)

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Replacement rate

Number of children per women necessary to keep the country’s population constant

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Crude birth rate (CBR)

Number of births in a given year per 1000 people

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Crude death rate (CDR)

Number of deaths of a given population per year per 1000 people

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Total fertility rate (TFR)

Average number of children one woman in a given country or region will have during childbearing years (ages 15 to 49)

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Infant mortality rate (IMR)

Number of deaths of children under the age of 1 per 1000 live births

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Rate of natural increase (RNI) / Natural increase rate (NIR)

The percentage that represents the difference between the crude birth rate and crude death rate of a defined group of people

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Doubling time

Number of years in which a population growing at a certain rate will double (Doubling time = 70/RNI)

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Net migration

The difference between the number of emigrants and immigrants in a location

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Demographics

Data about the structure and characteristics of human populations

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Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

Represents the shifts in growth that a country’s population have undergone and are still experiencing over time; relates to population trends of birth rate and death rate

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Zero population growth (ZPG)

Population growth rate is stable

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Epidemiological Transition Model (ETM)

Independent model incorporating cause of death patterns; is closely related to the DTM

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Malthusian Theory

The rising of life expectancy and lower death rate being interpreted as exponential growth, while the food productivity was growing arithmetically

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Overpopulation

A population that exceeds its sustainable size or carrying capacity

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Neo-Malthusian

Someone who believes in the ideas of Thomas Malthus; that Earth’s resources can only support a finite population

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Pronatalist

Encourages births and aims to increase population growth

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Antinatalist

Discourages citizens from having children and aims to decrease population growth

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Immigration policy

A country’s laws that determine who can enter the country

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Maternal mortality rate

maternal deaths per 100000 live births that is related to pregnancy

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Life expectancy

Average number of years a person is expected to live

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Aging population

A trend where there is an increase in older individuals within a population

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Human migration

Permanent or semi-permanent movement of people from one location to another

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Immigration

Movement to a location (entering)

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Emigration

Movement away from a location (leaving)

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Intervening obstacles

An occurrence that holds immigrants back

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Intervening opportunities

An occurrence that causes migrants to pause their journey by choice

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Push factor

Negative cause that compels someone to leave a location (can be physical factors or human factors)

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Pull factor

Positive causes that attracts someone to a new location (can be physical factors or human factors)

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Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration

A set of principles describing trends in human migration

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Forced migration

People are forced to move involuntarily from their home, often due to threats to their safety and well being

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Asylum

A form of protection that is granted by a country to individuals fleeing from threats to their safety in their home country

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Asylum seeker

An individual that has left their home country and is seeking protection in another country, has not yet received asylum status

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Refugees

People who are forced to leave their country for fear of persecution or death

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Internally displaced person (IDP)

People who have been forced to flee their homes but remain within their country’s borders

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Voluntary migration

People have the ability to make a choice to move to a new place

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Transnational migration

Movement of people across national borders

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Transhumance

Form of migration practiced by nomads who move herds between pastures at cooler, higher elevations during the summer and lower elevations during the winter

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Chain migration

Type of migration in which people move to a location because others from their community have previously migrated there

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Step migration

Series of smaller moves in between to get to the ultimate destination

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Guest workers

Migrants who travel to a new country as temporary laborers

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Rural to Urban migration

Movement of people from rural (less densely populated) areas to urban (more densely populated) areas

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Interregional migration

Movement from one region of a country to another

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Intraregional migration

Movement within one region of the country

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Slavery

A system of forced labor without compensation

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Brain drain

The emigration of highly skilled and talented workers from a specific country