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Population distribution
The spread of people in an area
Arithmetic / Crude density
Total population in ratio to the total area of land
Arable land
Land that can be used to grow crops
Physiological density
Total population in ratio to the total area of arable land
Agricultural density
Total number of farmers in ratio to the total area of arable land
Carrying capacity
Maximum population size an environment can sustain
Population composition
The demographic characteristics of a certain population
Population pyramid
A graph showing age-sex distributions of a given population at a given time
Sex ratio
Proportion of males to females in a population
Dependency ratio
Number of people in a dependent age group (below 15 years or 65 years and older) in ratio to the number of people in the working age group (15-64) multiplied by 100
Elderly dependency ratio
Number of people 65+ years old divided by the working age population (15-64)
Youth / Child dependency ratio
Number of children under the age of 15 divided by the working age population (15-64)
Replacement rate
Number of children per women necessary to keep the country’s population constant
Crude birth rate (CBR)
Number of births in a given year per 1000 people
Crude death rate (CDR)
Number of deaths of a given population per year per 1000 people
Total fertility rate (TFR)
Average number of children one woman in a given country or region will have during childbearing years (ages 15 to 49)
Infant mortality rate (IMR)
Number of deaths of children under the age of 1 per 1000 live births
Rate of natural increase (RNI) / Natural increase rate (NIR)
The percentage that represents the difference between the crude birth rate and crude death rate of a defined group of people
Doubling time
Number of years in which a population growing at a certain rate will double (Doubling time = 70/RNI)
Net migration
The difference between the number of emigrants and immigrants in a location
Demographics
Data about the structure and characteristics of human populations
Demographic Transition Model (DTM)
Represents the shifts in growth that a country’s population have undergone and are still experiencing over time; relates to population trends of birth rate and death rate
Zero population growth (ZPG)
Population growth rate is stable
Epidemiological Transition Model (ETM)
Independent model incorporating cause of death patterns; is closely related to the DTM
Malthusian Theory
The rising of life expectancy and lower death rate being interpreted as exponential growth, while the food productivity was growing arithmetically
Overpopulation
A population that exceeds its sustainable size or carrying capacity
Neo-Malthusian
Someone who believes in the ideas of Thomas Malthus; that Earth’s resources can only support a finite population
Pronatalist
Encourages births and aims to increase population growth
Antinatalist
Discourages citizens from having children and aims to decrease population growth
Immigration policy
A country’s laws that determine who can enter the country
Maternal mortality rate
maternal deaths per 100000 live births that is related to pregnancy
Life expectancy
Average number of years a person is expected to live
Aging population
A trend where there is an increase in older individuals within a population
Human migration
Permanent or semi-permanent movement of people from one location to another
Immigration
Movement to a location (entering)
Emigration
Movement away from a location (leaving)
Intervening obstacles
An occurrence that holds immigrants back
Intervening opportunities
An occurrence that causes migrants to pause their journey by choice
Push factor
Negative cause that compels someone to leave a location (can be physical factors or human factors)
Pull factor
Positive causes that attracts someone to a new location (can be physical factors or human factors)
Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration
A set of principles describing trends in human migration
Forced migration
People are forced to move involuntarily from their home, often due to threats to their safety and well being
Asylum
A form of protection that is granted by a country to individuals fleeing from threats to their safety in their home country
Asylum seeker
An individual that has left their home country and is seeking protection in another country, has not yet received asylum status
Refugees
People who are forced to leave their country for fear of persecution or death
Internally displaced person (IDP)
People who have been forced to flee their homes but remain within their country’s borders
Voluntary migration
People have the ability to make a choice to move to a new place
Transnational migration
Movement of people across national borders
Transhumance
Form of migration practiced by nomads who move herds between pastures at cooler, higher elevations during the summer and lower elevations during the winter
Chain migration
Type of migration in which people move to a location because others from their community have previously migrated there
Step migration
Series of smaller moves in between to get to the ultimate destination
Guest workers
Migrants who travel to a new country as temporary laborers
Rural to Urban migration
Movement of people from rural (less densely populated) areas to urban (more densely populated) areas
Interregional migration
Movement from one region of a country to another
Intraregional migration
Movement within one region of the country
Slavery
A system of forced labor without compensation
Brain drain
The emigration of highly skilled and talented workers from a specific country