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Forensic Science
The application of scientific principles and techniques to investigate crimes and analyze evidence.
Criminalistics
A subfield of forensic science focused specifically on the physical evidence from crime scenes.
Role of Forensic Scientist
To collect, preserve, and analyze scientific evidence during an investigation.
Major Fields of Science in Forensics
Biology, Chemistry, Physics.
Orfilia
Developed a test for the presence of blood; known as the "father of toxicology."
Henry Goddard
First to use physical analysis to connect a bullet to a murder weapon.
Doyle
Created Sherlock Holmes and studied medicine, contributing to forensic literature.
Bertillon
Pioneered the systemic use of photography in crime scenes and developed the Bertillon system for identification.
Galton
First to apply statistical methods to study human differences.
Gross
Australian criminologist known as the "father of criminal psychology."
Locard
Formulated the principle that "every contact leaves a trace," known as Locard's exchange principle.
Osborn
Recognized as the "father of questioned documents," published "Questioned Documents."
Lattes
First to develop a test for determining AB blood groups.
Pitchfork
The first person convicted based on DNA evidence in the UK.
CODIS
Combined DNA Index System created by the FBI for storing DNA profiles.
IAFIS
Integrated Automated Fingerprint Information System created by the FBI for fingerprint records.
NIBIN
National Integrated Ballistic Information Network created by ATF for ballistic evidence comparison.
Eurodac
A database for processing asylum cases and preventing border shopping.
CSI Effect
The phenomenon where jurors expect more forensic evidence in trials, raising the standard of proof.
Judge's Role
Determines what evidence is admissible in court.
Admissibility Standards
Daubert and Frye standards are used to assess scientific evidence.
Frye Decision
Relies on the scientific community to determine the reliability of evidence.
Daubert Decision
Empowers trial judges to assess the significance of scientific methodology.
Expert Witness
A professional who testifies in court based on their expertise, experience, and training.
Criminalistics
Scientific techniques for detecting and analyzing crime-related evidence.
Digital and Multimedia Forensics
Involves the analysis of stored digital evidence.
Engineering Forensics
Development of new equipment for forensic investigations.
Jurisprudence
The study of law and legal principles.
Odontology
The study of teeth and dental records in forensic contexts.
Pathology
The study of deceased individuals, often through autopsy.
Anthropology
The study of human bones in forensic investigations.
Psychiatry
The study of mental health and its implications in forensic cases.
Questioned Documents
Examination of documents such as checks and notes for authenticity.
Toxicology
The study of toxins, including drugs, in forensic science.
Edmond Locard
French criminologist who established the first crime lab.
Locard’s Exchange Principle
States that every contact leaves a trace, indicating the transfer of evidence.
Scientific Method
A systematic process for establishing facts through testing and experimentation in forensic science.
Independent Variable
The factor that is manipulated or changed in an experiment.
Dependent Variable
The factor that is observed or measured in an experiment.
Experimental Group
The group on which the experiment is performed.
Control Group
The group used for comparison that is not subjected to the experimental treatment.
