Unit 1- intro to Forensics

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41 Terms

1

Forensic Science

The application of scientific principles and techniques to investigate crimes and analyze evidence.

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2

Criminalistics

A subfield of forensic science focused specifically on the physical evidence from crime scenes.

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3

Role of Forensic Scientist

To collect, preserve, and analyze scientific evidence during an investigation.

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4

Major Fields of Science in Forensics

Biology, Chemistry, Physics.

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5

Orfilia

Developed a test for the presence of blood; known as the "father of toxicology."

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6

Henry Goddard

First to use physical analysis to connect a bullet to a murder weapon.

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7

Doyle

Created Sherlock Holmes and studied medicine, contributing to forensic literature.

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8

Bertillon

Pioneered the systemic use of photography in crime scenes and developed the Bertillon system for identification.

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9

Galton

First to apply statistical methods to study human differences.

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10

Gross

Australian criminologist known as the "father of criminal psychology."

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11

Locard

Formulated the principle that "every contact leaves a trace," known as Locard's exchange principle.

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12

Osborn

Recognized as the "father of questioned documents," published "Questioned Documents."

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13

Lattes

First to develop a test for determining AB blood groups.

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14

Pitchfork

The first person convicted based on DNA evidence in the UK.

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15

CODIS

Combined DNA Index System created by the FBI for storing DNA profiles.

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16

IAFIS

Integrated Automated Fingerprint Information System created by the FBI for fingerprint records.

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17

NIBIN

National Integrated Ballistic Information Network created by ATF for ballistic evidence comparison.

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18

Eurodac

A database for processing asylum cases and preventing border shopping.

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19

CSI Effect

The phenomenon where jurors expect more forensic evidence in trials, raising the standard of proof.

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20

Judge's Role

Determines what evidence is admissible in court.

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21

Admissibility Standards

Daubert and Frye standards are used to assess scientific evidence.

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22

Frye Decision

Relies on the scientific community to determine the reliability of evidence.

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23

Daubert Decision

Empowers trial judges to assess the significance of scientific methodology.

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24

Expert Witness

A professional who testifies in court based on their expertise, experience, and training.

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25

Criminalistics

Scientific techniques for detecting and analyzing crime-related evidence.

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26

Digital and Multimedia Forensics

Involves the analysis of stored digital evidence.

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27

Engineering Forensics

Development of new equipment for forensic investigations.

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28

Jurisprudence

The study of law and legal principles.

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29

Odontology

The study of teeth and dental records in forensic contexts.

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30

Pathology

The study of deceased individuals, often through autopsy.

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31

Anthropology

The study of human bones in forensic investigations.

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32

Psychiatry

The study of mental health and its implications in forensic cases.

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33

Questioned Documents

Examination of documents such as checks and notes for authenticity.

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34

Toxicology

The study of toxins, including drugs, in forensic science.

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35

Edmond Locard

French criminologist who established the first crime lab.

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36

Locard’s Exchange Principle

States that every contact leaves a trace, indicating the transfer of evidence.

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37

Scientific Method

A systematic process for establishing facts through testing and experimentation in forensic science.

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38

Independent Variable

The factor that is manipulated or changed in an experiment.

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39

Dependent Variable

The factor that is observed or measured in an experiment.

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40

Experimental Group

The group on which the experiment is performed.

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41

Control Group

The group used for comparison that is not subjected to the experimental treatment.

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