Unit 1- intro to Forensics

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41 Terms

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Forensic Science

The application of scientific principles and techniques to investigate crimes and analyze evidence.

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Criminalistics

A subfield of forensic science focused specifically on the physical evidence from crime scenes.

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Role of Forensic Scientist

To collect, preserve, and analyze scientific evidence during an investigation.

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Major Fields of Science in Forensics

Biology, Chemistry, Physics.

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Orfilia

Developed a test for the presence of blood; known as the "father of toxicology."

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Henry Goddard

First to use physical analysis to connect a bullet to a murder weapon.

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Doyle

Created Sherlock Holmes and studied medicine, contributing to forensic literature.

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Bertillon

Pioneered the systemic use of photography in crime scenes and developed the Bertillon system for identification.

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Galton

First to apply statistical methods to study human differences.

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Gross

Australian criminologist known as the "father of criminal psychology."

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Locard

Formulated the principle that "every contact leaves a trace," known as Locard's exchange principle.

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Osborn

Recognized as the "father of questioned documents," published "Questioned Documents."

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Lattes

First to develop a test for determining AB blood groups.

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Pitchfork

The first person convicted based on DNA evidence in the UK.

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CODIS

Combined DNA Index System created by the FBI for storing DNA profiles.

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IAFIS

Integrated Automated Fingerprint Information System created by the FBI for fingerprint records.

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NIBIN

National Integrated Ballistic Information Network created by ATF for ballistic evidence comparison.

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Eurodac

A database for processing asylum cases and preventing border shopping.

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CSI Effect

The phenomenon where jurors expect more forensic evidence in trials, raising the standard of proof.

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Judge's Role

Determines what evidence is admissible in court.

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Admissibility Standards

Daubert and Frye standards are used to assess scientific evidence.

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Frye Decision

Relies on the scientific community to determine the reliability of evidence.

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Daubert Decision

Empowers trial judges to assess the significance of scientific methodology.

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Expert Witness

A professional who testifies in court based on their expertise, experience, and training.

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Criminalistics

Scientific techniques for detecting and analyzing crime-related evidence.

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Digital and Multimedia Forensics

Involves the analysis of stored digital evidence.

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Engineering Forensics

Development of new equipment for forensic investigations.

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Jurisprudence

The study of law and legal principles.

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Odontology

The study of teeth and dental records in forensic contexts.

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Pathology

The study of deceased individuals, often through autopsy.

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Anthropology

The study of human bones in forensic investigations.

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Psychiatry

The study of mental health and its implications in forensic cases.

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Questioned Documents

Examination of documents such as checks and notes for authenticity.

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Toxicology

The study of toxins, including drugs, in forensic science.

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Edmond Locard

French criminologist who established the first crime lab.

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Locard’s Exchange Principle

States that every contact leaves a trace, indicating the transfer of evidence.

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Scientific Method

A systematic process for establishing facts through testing and experimentation in forensic science.

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Independent Variable

The factor that is manipulated or changed in an experiment.

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Dependent Variable

The factor that is observed or measured in an experiment.

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Experimental Group

The group on which the experiment is performed.

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Control Group

The group used for comparison that is not subjected to the experimental treatment.