random key notes

charles darwin

Proposed basic principles on the
theory of evolution.
• Species change through natural
selection.
• Young are born with variations
on characteristics.
• Those that will be most likely to
survive until they can reproduce
are the ones whose variations
are best adapted to their
environment.
• Species change little by little
each generation.

frued

Developed theory of
psychological development

hall

Child Study Movement =
1880s/1890s
• Studied what children knew
entering school around age 7
and child fears
• Thought we should use parents
and teachers as sources of data

Erik Erikson

lifespan theory of
development.

developmental ages

Prenatal development, from
conception until birth
• Infancy, birth to age 12 months
• Toddlerhood, ages 12–36 months
• Early childhood, ages 3–6 years
• Middle childhood, ages 6–9 years
• Early adolescence, ages 10–14 years
• Late adolescence, ages 15–18 years
• Emerging adulthood, ages 18–25 years

scientific method

Process of scientific investigations, involving
five steps:
• Step 1: Identify a research question
• Step 2: Propose a hypothesis
• Step 3: Choose research measurement and
research design
• Step 4: Collect data
• Step 5: Draw conclusions

fraud

Oral stage infancy-sexual sensations concentrated in the mouth;
pleasure from sucking chewing, biting.

Anal stage ~1.5 years sexual sensations concentrated in the anus;
pleasure from act of elimination.

Phallic stage 3-6 years sexual sensations located in the genitals, but
desires are focused on the other-sex parent.

Latency stage 6 to puberty child experiences desires for opposite-sex
parent. Fears punishment for desires so the
child represses them and identifies with the
same-sex parent. Sexual feelings repressed or
dormant.

Genital stage puberty and older sexual drive re-emerges but is directed towards
people outside the family.

infancy

trust vs mistrust

establish a bond with trusted caregiver

toodlerhood

autonomy vs shame and doubt

develop healthy sense of self to distinct others

early childhood

initiative vs guilt

initiate activities in a purposeful way

middle. childhood

main developmental challenge is to begin to learn knowledge and skills of culture

adolescence

identity vs identity crisis