Section 36 Viral Classification, Structure, Replication

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37 Terms

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Arboviruses

arthropod-borne viruses that belong to several different viral groups - grouped together based on their vector (arthropod)

3 multiple choice options

<p>arthropod-borne viruses that belong to several different viral groups - grouped together based on their vector (arthropod)</p><p>3 multiple choice options</p>
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burst size

The number of virus particles released from each lysed host cell.

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<p>The number of virus particles released from each lysed host cell.</p><p>3 multiple choice options</p>
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assembly

new virions are put together inside a host using "parts" manufactured during the synthesis process

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<p>new virions are put together inside a host using "parts" manufactured during the synthesis process</p><p>3 multiple choice options</p>
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attachment

proteins on virions bind to specific host cell structures (aka receptors)

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<p>proteins on virions bind to specific host cell structures (aka receptors)</p><p>3 multiple choice options</p>
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budding

release of an enveloped virus through the plasma membrane of an animal cell

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<p>release of an enveloped virus through the plasma membrane of an animal cell</p><p>3 multiple choice options</p>
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capsid

protein coat surrounding viral genome

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<p>protein coat surrounding viral genome</p><p>3 multiple choice options</p>
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mutant

progeny that are genetically different from "parent" (original)

<p>progeny that are genetically different from "parent" (original)</p>
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defective particles

mutant virions produced that cannot infect a new host cell

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<p>mutant virions produced that cannot infect a new host cell</p><p>3 multiple choice options</p>
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dNTPs and rNTPs

host nucleotides all viruses need to replicate

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early phase

viral attachment, penetration, uncoating, stealing host genetic machinery

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<p>viral attachment, penetration, uncoating, stealing host genetic machinery</p><p>3 multiple choice options</p>
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eclipse period

period between uncoating of infecting virus and production of new virions (lysing host cells during this period = no infective virions detected)

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<p>period between uncoating of infecting virus and production of new virions (lysing host cells during this period = no infective virions detected)</p><p>3 multiple choice options</p>
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morphology

shape of a virus

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antigenic drift

a mechanism for variation in viruses that involves the accumulation of mutations within the genes that code for antibody-binding sites.

<p>a mechanism for variation in viruses that involves the accumulation of mutations within the genes that code for antibody-binding sites.</p>
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antigenic shift

the process by which two or more different strains of a virus, or strains of two or more different viruses, combine to form a new subtype having a mixture of the surface antigens of the two or more original strains.

<p>the process by which two or more different strains of a virus, or strains of two or more different viruses, combine to form a new subtype having a mixture of the surface antigens of the two or more original strains.</p>
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late phase

synthesis of structural proteins, assembly and release of progeny virions

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<p>synthesis of structural proteins, assembly and release of progeny virions</p><p>3 multiple choice options</p>
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latent period

eclipse period + release of new viruses

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<p>eclipse period + release of new viruses</p><p>3 multiple choice options</p>
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selective pressure

environmental conditions that select for certain characteristics of individuals and select against other characteristics - this is the basis of regularly passing stock pathogen cultures thru animals to maintain pathogenicity

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negative strand

a nucleic acid strand that has the opposite sense to (is complementary to) the mRNA

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<p>a nucleic acid strand that has the opposite sense to (is complementary to) the mRNA</p><p>3 multiple choice options</p>
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penetration

The second step in viral infection, the injection of the viral genome into the host cell.

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<p>The second step in viral infection, the injection of the viral genome into the host cell.</p><p>3 multiple choice options</p>
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polycistronic

The coding pattern of prokaryotes, in which one mRNA may code for multiple proteins.

<p>The coding pattern of prokaryotes, in which one mRNA may code for multiple proteins.</p>
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polypeptides

viral proteins are made as one long string of amino acids (encoding multiple proteins) that are then cut into separate functional proteins

<p>viral proteins are made as one long string of amino acids (encoding multiple proteins) that are then cut into separate functional proteins</p>
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positive strand

means RNA is like mRNA and can move right into translation to turn into protein. These types of viruses can replicate much faster than (-) strand viruses.

<p>means RNA is like mRNA and can move right into translation to turn into protein. These types of viruses can replicate much faster than (-) strand viruses.</p>
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attenuation

the decrease or loss of virulence in a pathogen - strains with this are frequently used for vaccines

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release

stage in viral infection where new viral particles (virions) leave a host cell

<p>stage in viral infection where new viral particles (virions) leave a host cell</p>
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lethal mutation

a mutation that causes death

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Replicase

Viral enzyme catalyzes the replication of RNA from an RNA template (RNA dependent RNA polymerase)

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<p>Viral enzyme catalyzes the replication of RNA from an RNA template (RNA dependent RNA polymerase)</p><p>3 multiple choice options</p>
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retroviruses

An RNA virus that reproduces by transcribing its RNA into DNA and then inserting the DNA into a cellular chromosome; an important class of cancer-causing viruses.

<p>An RNA virus that reproduces by transcribing its RNA into DNA and then inserting the DNA into a cellular chromosome; an important class of cancer-causing viruses.</p>
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reverse transcriptase

An enzyme encoded by certain viruses (retroviruses) that uses RNA as a template for DNA synthesis.

<p>An enzyme encoded by certain viruses (retroviruses) that uses RNA as a template for DNA synthesis.</p>
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RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP)

A viral enzyme that makes a strand of RNA by reading a strand of RNA . All prokaryotic and eukaryotic RNA polymerases are DNA dependent

<p>A viral enzyme that makes a strand of RNA by reading a strand of RNA . All prokaryotic and eukaryotic RNA polymerases are DNA dependent</p>
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segmented genome

A viral genome that is divided into several fragments, each usually coding for a single polypeptide (influenza, looking at you here)

<p>A viral genome that is divided into several fragments, each usually coding for a single polypeptide (influenza, looking at you here)</p>
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synthesis

viral stage where the virus uses host to replicate genome and make proteins

<p>viral stage where the virus uses host to replicate genome and make proteins</p>
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tissue tropism

the range of tissue types that a virus can infect - determined by specific protein-protein interactions needed at attachment

<p>the range of tissue types that a virus can infect - determined by specific protein-protein interactions needed at attachment</p>
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naked virus

virus without an envelope (has a genome (DNA or RNA) and a protein capsid

<p>virus without an envelope (has a genome (DNA or RNA) and a protein capsid</p>
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enveloped virus

A virus enclosed within a phospholipid membrane derived from its host cell (typically the host cell's plasma membrane)

<p>A virus enclosed within a phospholipid membrane derived from its host cell (typically the host cell's plasma membrane)</p>
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host range (aka host tropism)

the limited number of species whose cells can be infected by a particular virus

<p>the limited number of species whose cells can be infected by a particular virus</p>
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conditional mutants

a mutant whose phenotype depends on the environmental conditions, such as a temperature-sensitive mutant

<p>a mutant whose phenotype depends on the environmental conditions, such as a temperature-sensitive mutant</p>