kinesiology exam 2

Comorbidity

Coexisting medical conditions that may or may not be related.

Percentage of healthcare spending on chronic diseases

75%.

Hypokinetic diseases

Diseases caused by below-normal movement, such as heart disease or diabetes.

Leading cause of death related to hypokinetic diseases

Heart disease.

Number of diabetics in the U.S.

29 million.

7th leading cause of death in the U.S.

Diabetes.

Healthy People 2030

A plan to address all the health challenges in the U.S.

Physical activity

Any bodily movement.

Exercise

Planned, structured movement to improve fitness.

Physical fitness

Attributes related to health or skill.

Five health fitness components

Cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, body composition.

Five motor fitness components

Agility, balance, coordination, power, speed.

Sarcopenia

Age-related muscle loss.

Physical activity guidelines for adults

150 minutes of moderate or 75 minutes of vigorous activity per week.

Physical activity guidelines for children

At least 1 hour per day.

ASICS in Latin

Anima sana in corpore sano - A healthy soul in a healthy body.

Health risks decreased by physical activity

Early death, stroke, type 2 diabetes.

Benefits increased by physical activity

Brain function, immune system, mood.

Sedentary behavior

Energy expenditure below recommended levels.

Physical inactivity

Insufficient levels of physical activity.

Increase of sedentary behavior over the last 100 years

Less school PE and recess, more scheduled play, perception that exercise only happens in gyms.

Intervention points to break sedentary lifestyles

Use stairs, take mini walks, infuse movement throughout the day.

Changes from sitting too long

Fat burning drops, good cholesterol drops, orthopedic and muscular pain increases.

Benefits of more active schools

Increased test scores, reduced absences.

Reason companies create wellness plans

ROI: Actual money saved from healthcare and fewer absences.

Value on investment (VOI)

Hard-to-measure benefits like morale, productivity, and culture.

Design influence on physical activity

Encouraging movement through staircases or open walking areas.

Obesity definition

Defined and measured by Body Mass Index (BMI).

Percentage of healthcare spending related to obesity

10%.

Disease risks associated with obesity

Diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure.

Psychological and social costs of obesity

Depression, social stigma.

Percentage of U.S. adults who are obese

42%.

Percentage of U.S. adults who are overweight

32%.

Percentage of children/adolescents overweight or obese

One-third.

Visceral fat

Fat around organs; increases risk of heart disease, diabetes, and cancer.

Subcutaneous fat

Fat under the skin but over the muscles.

Metabolic syndrome

A cluster of conditions like high blood pressure, high blood sugar, and excess body fat around the waist.

Role of leptin

A hormone made by fat cells that regulates the body’s energy needs.

Role of ghrelin

A hormone made in the stomach that makes food look more appealing.

Semaglutide medications (Wegovy and Ozempic)

Medications that signal the brain to reduce hunger; have side effects.

Sleep impact on cortisol and growth hormone

Reduces cortisol and increases growth hormone, promoting fat loss.

Being fit but fat vs. unfit and fat

Fitness improves health outcomes regardless of weight.

Hunger definition

Physiological need for food.

Appetite definition

Psychological desire to eat.

Satiety definition

Feeling of fullness.

Obesogenic environment

An environment that promotes obesity, such as fast food being more accessible than healthy options.

Fast food consumption percentage

1 in 3 (33%) Americans eat fast food on any given day.

Percentage of family budget spent eating out

40%.

Food insecurity

Limited access to quality, nutritious food; leads to poorer health outcomes.

Supermarkets in rich vs. lower-income districts

Richer districts have three times as many supermarkets.

Food desert definition

Limited access to healthy, affordable food.

Food swamp definition

High access to unhealthy food.

Food oasis definition

Easy access to healthy food.

Percentage of food produced in the U.S. that goes uneaten

Up to 40%.

Organic vs. non-organic food

Organic food has few nutritional differences but is more expensive.

Theories explaining sports popularity

Community and culture, competition, emotional release.

Fantasy NFL league participation

60 million people spend $7 billion.

Percentage of Americans who placed a bet on sports last year

50%.

Positive outcomes of sports participation for girls

Higher grades, delayed onset of sexual activity, increased birth control use.

Negative physical outcomes of sports participation

Concussions, overuse injuries.

Sports participation impact on brain function

Delays onset and decreases risk of memory loss.

School athletes vs. non-athletes GPA comparison

School athletes have higher GPAs.

Average annual cost of youth sports participation

$300–$3,000.

Percentage of sports parents hoping for an athletic scholarship

67%.

NCAA scholarship limits for women's basketball and volleyball

Basketball: 15, Volleyball: 12.

NCAA scholarship limits for men's football in FBS and FCS

FBS: 85, FCS: 63.

Reasons for parent misbehavior in youth sports

Ego, financial investment, game reasoning.

Start of legalized gambling in the U.S.

1930s.

Percentage of adults who placed bets on the Super Bowl

25%.

Percentage of online sports gamblers who are male

75%.

Typical age range of male online sports gamblers

Ages 18–35.

Percentage of teens affected by gambling addiction

16%.

Determinants of health outcomes and their contribution percentages

Genetics: 20%. Healthcare: 20%. Social, environmental, and behavioral factors: 60%.