kinesiology exam 2

Week 9: Physical Activity

1. What is comorbidity?
   Coexisting medical conditions that may or may not be related.

2. What percentage of healthcare spending is used to treat chronic diseases?
   75%.

3. Define hypokinetic diseases and provide an example.
   Diseases caused by below-normal movement, such as heart disease or diabetes.

4. What is the leading cause of death related to hypokinetic diseases?
   Heart disease.

5. How many people in the U.S. are diabetic?
   29 million.

6. What is the 7th leading cause of death in the U.S.?
   Diabetes.

7. What is Healthy People 2030?
   A plan to address all the health challenges in the U.S.

8. Differentiate between physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness.

   • Physical activity: Any bodily movement.

   • Exercise: Planned, structured movement to improve fitness.

   • Physical fitness: Attributes related to health or skill.

9. List the five health fitness components.
   Cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, body composition.

10. List the five motor fitness components.
    Agility, balance, coordination, power, speed.

11. What is sarcopenia?
    Age-related muscle loss.

12. What are the physical activity guidelines for adults and children?

    • Adults: 150 minutes of moderate or 75 minutes of vigorous activity per week.

    • Children: At least 1 hour per day.

13. What does the acronym ASICS stand for in Latin?
    Anima sana in corpore sano - A healthy soul in a healthy body.

14. List three health risks that physical activity can decrease.
    Early death, stroke, type 2 diabetes.

15. List three benefits that physical activity can increase.
    Brain function, immune system, mood.

Week 10: Sedentary Behavior

16. What is the difference between sedentary behavior and physical inactivity?

    • Sedentary behavior: Energy expenditure below recommended levels.

    • Physical inactivity: Insufficient levels of physical activity.

17. How has sedentary behavior increased over the last 100 years?
    Less school PE and recess, more scheduled play, perception that exercise only happens in gyms.

18. What are three intervention points to break the cycle of sedentary lifestyles?
    Use stairs, take mini walks, infuse movement throughout the day.

19. What changes occur in the body from sitting too long?
    Fat burning drops, good cholesterol drops, orthopedic and muscular pain increases.

20. List two benefits of more active schools.
    Increased test scores, reduced absences.

21. Why do companies create wellness plans? Explain return on investment (ROI) and value on investment (VOI).

    • ROI: Actual money saved from healthcare and fewer absences.

    • VOI: Hard-to-measure benefits like morale, productivity, and culture.

22. How can design influence physical activity in workplaces or schools?
    By encouraging movement, such as through staircases or open walking areas.

Week 11: Obesity

23. How is obesity defined and measured?
    By Body Mass Index (BMI).

24. What percentage of healthcare spending is related to obesity?
    10%.

25. List three disease risks associated with obesity.
    Diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure.

26. Name two psychological and social costs of obesity.
    Depression, social stigma.

27. What percentage of U.S. adults are obese, and what percentage are overweight?

    • Obese: 42%.

    • Overweight: 32%.

28. What percentage of children/adolescents in the U.S. are overweight or obese?
    One-third.

29. What is visceral fat, and why is it a health risk?
    Fat around organs; increases risk of heart disease, diabetes, and cancer.

30. What is subcutaneous fat, and where is it located?
    Fat under the skin but over the muscles.

31. Define metabolic syndrome.
    A cluster of conditions like high blood pressure, high blood sugar, and excess body fat around the waist.

32. What is the role of leptin in the body?
    A hormone made by fat cells that regulates the body’s energy needs.

33. What is the role of ghrelin in the body?
    A hormone made in the stomach that makes food look more appealing.

34. What are semaglutide medications (Wegovy and Ozempic), and what are their effects?
    Medications that signal the brain to reduce hunger; have side effects.

35. How does sleep impact cortisol and growth hormone levels?
    Reduces cortisol and increases growth hormone, promoting fat loss.

36. Why is being fit but fat better than unfit and fat?
    Fitness improves health outcomes regardless of weight.

Week 12: Food Environment

37. Define hunger, appetite, and satiety.

    • Hunger: Physiological need for food.

    • Appetite: Psychological desire to eat.

    • Satiety: Feeling of fullness.

38. What is an obesogenic environment? Provide an example.
    An environment that promotes obesity, such as fast food being more accessible than healthy options.

39. What percentage of Americans eat fast food on any given day?
    1 in 3 (33%).

40. What percentage of a family’s food budget is spent eating out?
    40%.

41. What is food insecurity, and how does it affect families?
    Limited access to quality, nutritious food; leads to poorer health outcomes.

42. Compare the availability of supermarkets in rich vs. lower-income districts.
    Richer districts have three times as many supermarkets.

43. Define and differentiate between a food desert, a food swamp, and a food oasis.

    • Food desert: Limited access to healthy, affordable food.

    • Food swamp: High access to unhealthy food.

    • Food oasis: Easy access to healthy food.

44. What percentage of food produced in the U.S. goes uneaten?
    Up to 40%.

45. What are the differences between organic and non-organic food?
    Organic food has few nutritional differences but is more expensive.

Week 13: Sports Popularity

46. List three theories that explain why sports are popular.
    Community and culture, competition, emotional release.

47. What percentage of Americans participate in fantasy NFL leagues, and how much money is spent on participation?
    60 million people spend $7 billion.

48. What percentage of Americans placed a bet on sports last year?
    50%.

49. What are the positive outcomes of sports participation for girls?
    Higher grades, delayed onset of sexual activity, increased birth control use.

50. What are the potential negative physical outcomes of sports participation?
    Concussions, overuse injuries.

51. How does sports participation affect brain function and memory loss?
    Delays onset and decreases risk of memory loss.

52. How do school athletes compare in GPA to non-athletes?
    School athletes have higher GPAs.

Week 15: Youth Gambling

53. What is the average annual cost of youth sports participation?
    $300–$3,000.

54. What percentage of sports parents hope for an athletic scholarship?
    67%.

55. What are the NCAA headcount scholarship limits for women’s sports like basketball and volleyball?
    Basketball: 15, Volleyball: 12.

56. What are the NCAA headcount scholarship limits for men’s football in FBS and FCS?
    FBS: 85, FCS: 63.

57. List three reasons why parents misbehave in youth sports.
    Ego, financial investment, game reasoning.

58. When did legalized gambling begin in the U.S.?
    1930s.

59. What percentage of adults placed bets on the last Super Bowl?
    25%.

60. What percentage of online sports gamblers are male, and what is their typical age range?
    75%, ages 18–35.

61. What percentage of teens are affected by gambling addiction?
    16%.

62. What are three things that determine health outcomes, and what percentage does each contribute?

    • Genetics: 20%.

    • Healthcare: 20%.

    • Social, environmental, and behavioral factors: 60%.