NUTRITION CH1-2 and 18

What are the four classes of biomolecules

Carbohydrate(4kcal/gram)

Proteins (4kcal/gram)

Nucleic Acid

Lipids

What are the digestive enzymes

Proteases

Amylases

Lipases

Proteases

Begin the digesting dietary proteins

Amylases

Begin the digesting of dietary carbohydrates

Think salivary is the first digesting of carbohydrates

Lipases

Begin the digesting of dietary fats

How many Kcal in protein

4

How many kcal in carbs

4 kcal/gram

Carbs

How many kcal in alcohol

7kcal/gram

How many kcal in fat

9kcal/gram

What is the process by which living things use food to obtain nutrients for energy, growth, and maintenance

Nutrition

What are biochemical substances that can be supplied only in adequate amounts from an OUTSIDE source (usually from food)

Nutrients

Nutrients obtained from foods are

Water

Proteins

Carbohydrates

Fats

Minerals

Vitamins

Only proteins, carbs and fats provide energy

A hygienist should do what do ensure good nutrition is consumed;

Encourage a variety of foods to minimize nutrient deficiencies/excesses

How many healthy people 2000 nutrition objectives are related to oral health?

17 objectives are related to oral health

What is DRI

Dietary reference intakes

It is the amount of nutrients needed to meet all requirements nearly all or most healthy individuals (97-98%)

\*\*no systemic disease that will affect their dietary intake Ex; diabetics

\*\*inappropriate for malnourished individuals whose requirements are affected by a disease state

What is EAR

Estimated average requirement

It is the amount of a nutrient that is estimated to meet the needs of HALF of the healthy individuals in a specific age and gender group

\*used in assessing nutrient adequacy or planning intakes of population groups not individuals.

what is AI

Adequate Intake

The Average amount of a nutrient that appears to maintain a defined nutritional state

what is UL

Tolerable upper intake level

Maximum daily level of nutrient intake that PROBABLY will not cause adverse health or toxic effects for most individuals.

What are macronutrients

Carbs, fats, protein, fatty acids, alcohol

What falls under micronutrients

Vitamins and minerals

Guidelines for DRI’s apply to average daily intakes

16 groups

Ex; pregnant.lactating women

Separate genders groups after 10 years of age

two age groups for the other American population

DRI;s are guidelines for

HEALTHY PEOPLE ONLY

These goals (DRI’s) are intended to be met by consuming a

VARIETY OF FOODS

Talk in foods rather than nutrients

What are the 5 key guidelines for dietary guidelines for Americans

Ideally meets nutritional needs without exceeding limitations

Follow healthy eating

Focus on a variety, nutrient density and amount

Limit calories from saturated fats and sugar; reduce sodium intake

Shift to healthier food/beverages

Support healthy eating patterns everywhere

Calorie balance

Maintenance of weight means

Energy consumed must equal calories expended(used)

Vegetables are a primary source of

Dietary fiber

Vitamin A, C

Folic acid

Potassium

A 2000 calorie diet should include 2 1/2 cups

Fruits

At least half of fruit should be from WHOLE FRUITS

2000 calorie diet should include 2 cups of fruit

What are Enrichment grains

Process by which iron, thiamin, riboflavin, folic acid, and niacin are REMOVED during processing and are restored to approximately original levels

MOST refined grains

What are Fortification Grains

Process by which nutrients are not present in the natural product are ADDED or INCREASED in the original product

Breakfast cereals

Each nutrient provides energy, except one

Vitamins\*\*

Carbs, proteins, alcohol, fats provide energy

The process of restoring iron, thiamin, riboflavin, folic acid, and niacin removed during processing to approximately their original levels is called

Enrichment

What can dairy to to help children

Consumption of dietary products can help children and adolescents achieve peak bone mass and reduce the risk of low bone mass and OSTEOPOROSIS

2000 calorie diet recommends 3 cups a day

Dietary reference intakes (DRI’s) do NOT

Specifically address individuals whose requirements are affected by a disease state

The average amount of a nutrient that seems to maintain a defined nutritional state is measure by

Adequate intake (AI)

Consumption of milk and milk products can promote the achievement of peak bone mass in children and adolescents. Studies indicate that higher dairy consumption is associated with decreased dental caries but has no effect on periodontal disease.

The first statement is true and the second is false

Are there dietary requirements of saturated fats for persons 2 years and over?

NO there aren’t because the body produces enough to meet physiologic and structural requirements

What is the recommended intake for sodium

Less than 2300mg per day!

dietary guidelines recommended lowering caloric requirements for older adults because metabolic rate increases with age

The statement is correct; but reason is not correct

It’s because metabolic rate decreases

Which message is not synonymous with MyPlate?

Fruit juices should be consumed frequently

what are some messages from MyPlate?

Fruits and veggies should fill half the plate

Lean protein foods should be chosen in moderation

Whole grains should occupy about one fourth of the plate

Physical activity is encouraged through the activity tab that has links to MyJournal

Any molecule that is produced by a living cell or organism is a

Bio molecule

which function has the least priority for protein

Energy storage

Each is true of lipids, except one, which is the exception

Lipids contain water

What are true of lipids

The catabolism of lipids is a major source of energy for the body

Lipids can be oxidized to produce more energy than carbohydrates or proteins

Lipids can be stored in adipose tissue in unlimited amounts

What is not a classification of carbohydrates

Triglycerides

\*\*what are monosaccharides, polysaccharides, disaccharides

This bond is formed between positively charged metal ions and negatively charged nonmetal ions?

Ionic bond! This

T/F demineralization of enamel occurs when the critical pH of 5.5 is reached

TRUE

Each except one, can cause the pH of human interproximal plaque to fall to less than 5.5 which is the exception?

Eggs

\*\*these will bananas, cereals, nonpresweetened ready to eat, cooked rice, crackers

Xylitol containing chewing gums reduce caries rates by inhibiting microbial growth

True

Inhibiting bacterial growth

Each groups represents situations presenting high caries risk, except one

Vegans.

\*\*groups that are presenting high caries risk include, parents of young, periodontal patients, poly pharmacy, orthodontic patients

What has the least effect on cariogenicity?

Quantity of fermentable carbohydrates

Which is the least significant factor influencing development of dental caries

Gender of the host

\*\*Susceptibility of the host or tooth, a sufficient quantities of cariogenic microorganisms, the presence of fermentable carbohydrates

salivary flow is stimulated the most by foods rich in

Fiber

each has cariostatic properties except one,

Instant oatmeal

\*\*eggs, cheese, seafood meat have properties to inhibit caries

Nutrient and health claims\* what are an unqualified health claim

It must be supported by qualified experts

Nutrient content and health claims, qualified health claims\*\*

Support by evidence, but lack significant scientific agreement

\*\*like cheerios claims to support heart disease

This is not proven just supported by health claims

Reducing how many calories below what for women and men are not healthy

Women below 1200 cal/day

Men below 1400 cal/day is not recommended

Approximately 44.5% of the US population older than

Age 2 have had a dental appointment within the past year

What tooth structure are susceptibility to

Deep pits/fissures are susceptible to decay and demineralization

Resistance against demineralization begins in pre-eruptive phase with adequate intakes of

Calcium, phosphorus, vitamins, A C D

Fluoride and protein

What are host factors for decay

Food selection and dietary patterns

Oral hygiene habits

Genetics

Race or ethnic groups

Age

Socioeconomic status

what acts as a buffer in the oral cavity

Saliva acts as a buffer, neutralizes acids produced by plaque biofilm,

Normal saliva contians bicarbonate, phosphate and protein

Neutral is Ph 7

Dental caries are

An oral infectious disease that is multifunctional, transmissible, and of bacterial origin.,

Cariogenic foods

Salivary amylase

Breaks down oral monosaccharides (which are simple sugars we get addicted to , fructose glucosand disaccharides

Sucrose produces

Glucans

Which toucans enable adherence of S. Mutants to the dental pellicle

Polysaccharides are less cariogenic than

monosaccharides and disaccharides

What are nonnutritive sweeteners

Aspartame, saccharin sucralose

Which are not metabolized by microorganisms or S. Mutans so they do not promote caries ( non cariogenic

do proteins or fats cause caries

Meat seafood, poultry eggs,

Considered cariostatic because they do not LOWER the plaque pH

If eaten with carbs than it helps neutralize pH

Sugar alcohols

Oral flora do not contain enzymes to ferment xylitol

When eating xylitol than microorganisms (S mutans are inhibited)

phosphorus and calcium

provide a buffering effect in the saliva

Potential to reduce demineralization which enhance remineralization of tooth enamel

Dental hygiene considerations

Promote sealants for deep pits and fissures

In High risk patients encourage use of chlorhexidine, fluoride and xylitol

Eat low-fat cheese as a snack or at the end of a meal for anti cariogenic effects

Each time a food with carbohydrates is eaten, the salivary pH

Drops below 5.5 for approximately 40 mintues

Decrease the number of exposures by decreasing the time of exposure

When can acid be reduced

If a fermentable carbohydrate is eaten before or between noncariogenic foods

Dairy products reduce (cheese) demineralization

What are some noncariogenic snacks

raw fruits and veggies

Low-fat cheese, milk and yogurt,

Nuts popcorn and seeds

Pizza and tacos

what is the first step in dental hygiene care plan

Identify disease indicators/caries risk factors/caries protective factors

What is the second step in dental hygiene care plan

Create/implement a treatment plan

Gather information about quality of patient’s meal patterns/habits

More than 2 hours of acid exposure is considered high

What are the goals in dental hygiene care plan

help patient develop realistic goals

Make goals flexible to meet the needs, preferences, and lifestyle of each patient

What transfer of biological information from DNA to RNA

Bio information

what is production and use of energy

Metabolism

What is the key factor to controlling body weight

Kilocalories

who normally works under the supervision of a Registered dietician nutritionist

DTR, dietetic technician registered

How many Kcal are recommended per day for women

1600-2400

How many kcal are recommended for Men

2000-3000

It is recommended that older adults

Decrease caloric intake because their metabolic activity decreases

DRIs are inappropriate for

malnourished individuals or patients whose requirements are affected by a disease state

What was established for the macronutrients; the goal of this guideline is to ensure sufficient intakes of essential nutrients while reducing risk of chronic disease

AMDR’s

Whole grains has a major barrier because

It is difficult in identifying whole grains

studies indicate that higher dairy consumption

Correlates with decreased presence and severity of both dental caries and periodontal health

Daily reference value for Protein

50g/day

DRV for carbohydrate

DRV for Total fat

65-78g/day

DRV for Sodium

2300-2400mg/day

DRV for Fiber

25-28g/day

What is the feeling of fullness provided by food called

Satiety

what is an appetite-stimulating hormone that is suppressed by proteins better than by carbs and lipids

Gherlin

who is BMI not appropriate for

Pregnant and nursing women, infants and children younger than 2 years old, nor for athletes with a large % of muscle

What are the three major areas of biochemistry at molecular level

Structure, metabolism and bio information

what reaction creates a new molecule by forming a bond between two smaller molecules

Condensation

what reaction breaks a larger molecule into two smaller molecules

Hydrolysis

Energy storage is a primary function of

Carbs and fats