bio chapter 2 - organisation

What are the basic building blocks for all living things?

Cells are the blueprints for all living things.

What are tissues?

Collections of different cells working together with the same function.

What do tissues make up?

Organs, which have specific functions.

What do organs work together in?

Organ systems, which complete specific functions.

What is the process called where cells become specialized?

Differentiation.

What type of cells cover the insides of the body parts like the gut?

Epithelial cells.

What do enzymes do in the body?

They act as biological catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions.

What theory explains enzyme specificity?

Lock and key theory.

What can cause enzymes to denature?

Change in pH levels, high temperatures, or binding of heavy metals/toxins.

Where is bile produced?

In the liver.

What is the function of the gall bladder?

To store bile before it’s released into the small intestine.

What is the primary function of the large intestine?

Absorbing excess water from food.

What role does the stomach play in digestion?

It pummels food and produces enzymes and hydrochloric acid.

What enzymes does the pancreas produce?

Lipase, amylase, and protease.

What separates the thorax from the lower part of the body?

The diaphragm.

What are the tubes that carry air into the lungs called?

Bronchi.

Where does gas exchange occur in the lungs?

In the alveoli.

What do the alveoli contain?

Oxygen that has been breathed in.

How does oxygen move from the alveoli to the bloodstream?

It diffuses from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

What is the role of the right ventricle?

To pump deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

What circulatory system do humans have?

A double circulatory system.

Where does oxygenated blood go after leaving the left ventricle?

To the organs all around the body.

What is the function of coronary arteries?

To supply the heart with oxygenated blood.

What do valves in the heart do?

Ensure blood flows in the right direction and prevent backflow.

What do capillaries do?

Exchange materials in the blood with tissues.

How are arteries structured?

Strong, elastic walls with small lumen.

What is the primary function of platelets in blood?

To help blood clot when an injury occurs.

What carries oxygen in the blood?

Red blood cells with hemoglobin.

What do white blood cells do?

Fight pathogens and produce antibodies.

What is coronary heart disease?

A condition where arteries get blocked by fatty materials, restricting blood flow to the heart.

What are statins?

Drugs that reduce 'bad' cholesterol in the blood.

What is one risk of using stents?

The risk of thrombosis, leading to blood clots.

What is a benign tumor?

A tumor that grows in one place and does not spread.

What factors can increase the risk of developing cancer?

Smoking, UV rays, viruses, obesity, and inheriting faulty genes.

What is the upper epidermis of a leaf?

The layer that allows sunlight to pass through for photosynthesis.

What do guard cells do in plants?

Control the opening and closing of stomata.

What is transpiration?

The loss of water from a plant.

What structural feature of xylem cells allows them to transport water?

They are hollow and made up of dead cells.

How does humidity affect transpiration rates?

Drier air leads to faster transpiration.

What method is used to estimate the rate of transpiration?

Using a potometer to measure the movement of an air bubble.

Salivary Glands

Create amylase enzyme in the saliva.

Liver

Where bile is produced; neutralises stomach acid and emulsifies fats.

Gall Bladder

Where bile is stored before it’s released into the small intestine.

Large Intestine

Where excess water is absorbed from food.

Rectum

Where waste is stored before passing out the anus.

Stomach

Pummels the food with muscular walls; produces the protease enzyme - pepsin; produces hydrochloric acid to kill bacteria and keep the stomach at optimum pH for protease enzymes (2).

Pancreas

Produces lipase, amylase and protease - released into the small intestine.

Small Intestine

Produces lipase, amylase and protease to complete digestion.