PSYC 210 Exam 1 UIUC

Central Nervous System (CNS)

brain and spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

nerves outside the CNS. INCLUDING autonomic and somatic nervous systems. Can be regenerated!

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

controls involuntary actions. Includes sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)

fight or flight. Increases heart rate, blood pressure, etc. for rigorous activities. Part of the autonomic nervous system.

parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS)

rest and digest. regulates internal organs. Part of the autonomic nervous system.

Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

controls voluntary movements. Part of the PNS. Has 12 cranial parts and 31 spinal pairs.

Dorsal root

Part of the spinal cord that carries sensory info.

Ventral root

Part of the spinal cord that carries motor info.

dorsal root ganglion

contains cell bodies of sensory neurons. Connected to the CNS for a response. Outside the spinal cord.

Gray matter.

Major component of the CNS with cell bodies, glial cells, and dendrites.

White matter

myelinated axons that communicates everywhere in the CNS.

tract

Set of axons in the CNS that are part of the projection pathway.

Nucleus

Cluster of neuron cell bodies within the CNS.

Major divisions of the brain

3 major divisions: forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

4 cerebral lobes

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

Meninges

three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord (Dura, arachnoid, Pia matter)

dura mater

arachnoid mater

pia mater

thick, outermost layer protecting the brain and spinal cord. Keeps CSF in.

Medium layer of brain. Weblike and regulates CSF.

Covers and protects the brain. Membrane extends to the folds.

central canal

a fluid-filled channel in the center of the spinal cord

Ventricles

4 fluid cavities within the brains.

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Fluid in the brain and spinal cord. Provides cushioning.

CSF, ventricles, subarachnoid space, meninges.

(blank) produced in the (blank) of the brain that flows in the (blank) and bathes the (blank)

vascular system

system of uninterrupted blood supply for normal oxygenation

Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)

arteries that surrounds the brain vasculature and blocks most chemicals from entering.

median eminence

Mechanism for hormones to enter the blood to brain tissue.

glial cells (glia)

cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons. Supports structures of brain tissue.

radial glia

guide the migration of neurons and their axons and dendrites during embryonic development

glial cells (glia)

Who engages in mitosis?

Nervous system cells

Neurons and glial cells are part of the (blank)

ependymal cells

produce cerebrospinal fluid

Dendrites

Soma/ cell body

Axon

Presynaptic terminals

All neurons have these major components:

Brings info to the neuron. Have spines that branch out that can increase surface area

where nucleus is located

has myelin sheaths

End regions of neurons and where synapses are formed

motor neurons

neurons that carry outgoing information from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands

sensory neurons

neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord

projection neurons

Those whose axons project outside the brain structure where their soma resides.

afferent axon

efferent axons

brings information into a structure

vice versa

Interneurons

neurons that stay in a particular brain region

contiguous cells

cells next to each other, but independent structurally, metabolically, and functionally.

synapses

Info is transmitted from cell to cell across tiny gaps.

membrane potential

an electrical potential difference across the membrane.

resting potential

-60~-70 mv. Has more Na+ ions outside the neuron and more K+ ions inside the neuron. Membrane is polarized.

action potential

Changes in membrane potential. Triggered when a threshold membrane depolarization is reached, Voltage gated channels are triggered.

inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

Small hyper polarization caused by negative ions into postsynaptic cells. Decreases neuron membrane potential and action potential.

excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

Depolarization caused by positive ions into postsynaptic cells. Increases neuron membrane potential

axon hillock

Where action potential originates. Populated with voltage gated Na+ channels. They are triggered when a threshold membrane depolarization is reached.

absolute refractory period

Relative refractory period

Voltage gated Na+ channels are open and inactivated. Voltage gated K+ channels are closed.

Voltage gated Na+ channels are closing and reactivating. Voltage gated K+ channels are open and slowly closing after hyperpolarization. Cannot have an action potential during this period.

Summation

When overall sum of EPSP and IPSP depolarize the cell at the axon hillock, an action potential will occur.

temporal summation

Summing of potentials that arrive at the axon at different times. The closer together in time, the greater the summation and possibility of an action potential.

spatial summation

Summing of potentials that come from different parts of the cell. The closer the synapses are to the axon. The greater the summation and possibility of an action potential.

Neuromuscular junction

Neuron and muscle lead to muscle activity.

Electrical synapses (gap junctions)

Used for special purposes where fast synchronous activity is important. Primary source is chemical synapses (chemical transmission).

anterior

posterior

dorsal

ventral

front view of the brain

back view of the brain

top view of the brain

bottom view of the brain

1. Presynaptically

3. Postsynaptic

4. Action Potential

5. Signal is terminated

5 features for classical transmission:

1. Found (blank)

2. Presynaptic synthesize enzymes

3. Has selective (blank) receptors

4. Released via vesicles in response to (blank)

5. (blank)

ionotropic receptors

ligand-gated ion channels open in response to neurotransmitter. Ions flow across membrane for a brief and fast period of time

ligand-gated channels

Channel controls synaptic transmission between 2 neurons/ neuron and muscle

voltage gated channels

open and close in response to changes in membrane potential

metabotropic receptors

receptors that are associated with signal proteins and G proteins. Channel opens, ions flow for long period of time.

Acetylcholine (ACh)

neurotransmitter of the PNS that dilates blood vessels and slows heart rate. Found in projection neurons and can be released in interneurons

nicotinic receptors

Ionotropic type and is named nicotinic because nicotine "mimics" ACh

muscarinic receptors

Metabotropic type. Mimics the activity of ACh.

Agonist

A chemical that mimics the action of a neurotransmitter. Binds to receptors which makes receptors open up or bind to the receptor at a different binding site.

Antagonist

blocks neurotransmitter by preventing binding or preventing having its typical effect.

Monoamines

dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin.

Dopamine

A neurotransmitter associated with movement, attention and learning and the brain's pleasure and reward system.

Norepinephrine

A neurotransmitter involved in arousal, as well as in learning and mood regulation

Serotonin

A neurotransmitter that affects hunger, sleep, arousal, and mood.

amino acids

most prevalent neurotransmitters in the brain with 2 main types- glutamate and GABA (inhibitory).

Glutamate

A major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory.

GABA

a major inhibitory neurotransmitter

NMDA receptor

a glutamate receptor that also binds the glutamate agonist NMDA and that is both ligand-gated and voltage-sensitive

GABA receptors

GABAa (ionotropic) and GABAb (metabotropic)

peptides

Chains of amino acids that can function as neurotransmitters or hormones.

Hormones

chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues

HPA axis

Interaction between the nervous and endocrine systems to produce the body's response to stress. Releases cortisol.

Monoamine depletion hypothesis

Hypothesis that reduced function of serotonin, dopamine, and/ or norepinephrine systems. Depression due to low monoamine levels.

Treatments include MAO inhibitors, SSRIs, SNRIs

Glucocorticoid hypothesis

Theory that elevated glucocorticoid levels accelerate cell damage and lead to the cognitive symptoms of depression.

neurodevelopmental hypothesis

Hypothesis that early life stress leads to MDD.

dopamine hypothesis

the idea that schizophrenia involves an excess of dopamine activity

Dopamine Glutamate Hypothesis

hypothesis that an individual has an overactive dopamine system and an under-active glutamate system.

neurodevelopmental hypothesis

theory proposing that schizophrenia is a disorder of development that arises during the years of adolescence or early adulthood due to alterations in the genetic control of brain maturation