HUMAN POPULATION APES

Demography

Study of human populations

Population Change formula

🔼N = (Birth rates + Immigrants) - (Death rates + Emigrants)

Calculation of new N formula

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Birth Rate / CBR

1000 people in one year

Death Rate / CDR

1000 people in one year

Annual rate of natural pop change formula

(Birth Rates - Death Rates) / 10

Good news about annual population change

% is dropping

Bad news about annual population change

World population is growing too fast

World growth rate

0.9%

Doubling Time

70/Rate

Replacement-level Fertility

Number of children a couple must have to replace themselves

Population Momentum

Even if RLF is achieved, a pop will continue to grow because of people entering reproductive years

Total Fertility Fate (TFR)

An estimate of # of children a woman will have

Fertility Rates in the US

•TFR maxed out in Baby Boomer years (1946-1964)

•TFR = 3.7 in 1957

•Generation X (baby bust) (1965-1980)

•Generation Y/Millenials/Echo baby boomers (1981-1996)

•Generation Z (1997-2012)

•Generation Alpha (2013-2025)

Factors affecting birth rates and fertility rates

•Education

•Affluence/Wealth

•Children needed for work

•Urbanization (Family planning access)

•Females in the workforce

•Females in the workforce

•Cost of raising children

•High IMR

•Age of marriage

•Retirement plan

•Abortion availability

•Religion

•Culture

Life expectancy

How long one can expect to live

Increased life expectancy

•Nutrition

•Better medical care

•Hygiene

•Clean water

Decreased infant mortality rate (IMR)

•Number of infants pero 1000 lke births that die before their first birthday

•One of the single most important way to judge the quality of life in a country

Rapid Growth

Slow Growth

Zero Growth

Negative Growth

Implications of an aging population

Fewer young people are burdened with supporting a growing number of older people

Cons of reducing births

•Freedom of choice

•We need MORE people

Pros of reducing births

•World already fails to meet everyone’s basic needs

•Technology cannot keep up

•Climate change

Demographic transition

•Preindustrial — Slow pop growth due to high DR and IMR

•Transitional — Rapid pop growth due to high BR but lower DR due to better health care, food production

•Industrial — Pop growth slows down with increasing quality of food production, health care, and education

Family Planning leads to

•Lower total fertility rates (TFR)

•Fewer abortions

•Lower maternal/fetal deaths

Family Planning problems

•Availability

•Men do not want to be bothered

•Prolifers vs prochoicers

Three things lead women to have fewer children/slow down population growth

•Education

•Employment

•Respect to women’s rights