Human Growth and Development Final Exam

The field of study that examines growth, change, stability over the entire lifespan

lifespan development

Know the difference between discontinuous and continuous change

continuous- gradual

discontinuous- steps

What do nature/nurture refer to in the nature/nurture debate?

nature- genetics

nurture- environment

An organized set of ideas that is designed to explain development

theory

Erikson said development ________ throughout life, opposite of Freud

continues

introducing an unpleasant stimulus or removing a desirable stimulus to decrease a certain behavior

punishment

Research done in a natural setting like a playground or a daycare center

naturalistic observation

Define longitudinal research

observe the same group over a long period of time

Individuals sign this to educate them about research and any risks involved

informed consent

Which disorder is an extra chromosome on the 21st pair

down syndrome

Down syndrome rates are higher as _______________ goes up

mom's age

The trait that is expressed when two competing traits are present

dominant gene

Which period of prenatal development is the longest?

fetus

weeks 9-birth

What is the term age of viability

22-28 weeks

fetus is able to survive outside of mom's womb

Define amniocentesis

a needle is placed in mom's abdomen to obtain a sample of amniotic fluid

A procedure using high frequency sound waves to detect a baby's size and gender in pregnancy

ultrasound

What stage does the baby leave the mother's body

2

What stage is associated with afterbirth

3

Post partum depression can be helped by

breast feeding

The percentage of infants who die before their first birthday is called

infant mortality

An unlearned response triggered by stimulation

reflex

Know the 5 points of the APGAR scale

breathing

heart rate

muscle tone

reflexes

skin tone

Newborns spend half their sleep time in

REM sleep

Which way do pediatricians recommend a baby sleep to reduce SIDs

back

Breastfeeding is recommended for babies for the first ______ of life

12 months

Benefits of breastfeeding

has all the nutrients a baby needs

easily digested

cant be contaminated

female cancer is reduced for mom

helps with depression

The condition of having an improper amount of balance of nutrients

malnutrition

Know Piaget's 4 stage theory in order

sensorimotor

pre operational

concrete operational

formal operational

Define assimilation and accommidation

Assimilation- when children experience something new, they fit it in to how they already think

Accommidation- they change their way of thinking because of new information

The knowledge that a baby has objects or people out of sight still exist

object permamanence

Thinking that is self absorbed

egocentric

Changes in heart rate or brain activity that occur in response to something new

orienting response

Define habituation

a decrease response to a stimulus that's more familiar

The range in which a child can complete activities alone with some help (Vgotsky)

zone of proximal development

Short simple sentences directed at infants by adults

infant directed speech

The anxiety or distress infants feel around strangers

stranger wariness (anxiety)

When infants use adults to assess their emotional reaction to a situation or person

social referencing

What are the benefits of make believe play

improve social skills

more friends

a greater self awareness

What is the behavior that benefits another person

pro social behavior

Define empathy

you experience another persons feelings

Define relational aggression

aggression used to undermine social relationships

(girls mostly)

What is the 3rd stage of Piajet's theory for ages 7-11

concrete operational

What is a limitaition of the 3rd stage?

they can't think abstractly at all

Name the signs of emotional intelligence

positive relationships with other people

greater self esteem

make for good co-workers

_________is determined on formal tests by comparing scores of children of the same age

IQ

a disability characterized by limitations on intelligence and social deficits

intellectual disability

Review Baumrind's 4 parenting styles

1. authoritative- high parental, low involvement (good)

2. permissive- low control, low involvement

3. authoritarian- demanding

4. uninvolved-

Risk factors for child maltreatment

poverty

social isolation

parents who were abused

sickly children

step children

Diffrentiate between clique and crowd

clique- small group who has a lot in common

crowd- a larger group with a common label

_____________ can actually be a positive thing

Peer pressure

_____________ aggression is when a child uses aggression to achieve a goal

instrumental aggression

Does just watching TV affect a child's attention span?

no

Judging a person based on just their race or skin color is defined as

prejudice

Girls start their growth spurt at age __, boys at age __

11

13

Physical changes that mark the onset of adolescence

puberty

A severe eating disorder where individuals refuse to eat and have a distorted body image

anorexia

What teens are at risk for eating disorders

someone who diets

depressed

teenage girls

negative self esteem

mood disorders

How do we develop a moral child

have them involved in religious activity

open relationship with parents

Which stage of Erikson's psychosocial development is during the adolescent years?

identity vs. role confusion

Define personal fable

teens believe what happens to them is unique

Review factors that influence a teen's self esteem

heredity, genetics, parents, peers

1 in __ adolescent girls in America who are sexually active become pregnant

6

Which symptoms are associated with teenage depression

sadness, iritability, low self esteem

Suicidal teens often show

warning signs

Give an example of role transition

voting, graduating, getting a job,

Erikson's stage of psychosocial development for young adults is

intimacy vs. isolation

Young adulthood is a time of peak

health

The single biggest contributor to physical health is

smoking

What two factors define alcholism

dependance

withdrawal

Women base friendships on __________; Men on ________

intimate or emotional sharing

shared activities

How many college students have experienced dating violence

40%

The decision to remain single

is a gradual one

Define marital status

any marital outcome

What is the pattern of marital satisfaction

high when you start

dips when you're raising children

the further along raising children it goes back up

(U)

The best predictor of long term success of a marriage is

communication

The ethnic group with the highest single mother births is

African American

Difficulty creating new friendships or dating post-divorce is

divorce hangover

The alignment between an executive's personal intentions and their firm's mission

meaning mission fit

Realizing what you learned in college doesn't transfer well to your every day job

reality shock

3 characteristics related to job satisfaction

self-esteem

optimism

resiliance

Being physically, mentally, and emotionally exhausted from work

burnout

Women prefer companies who value

family, fliexibility

The profession that is 95% women

speech therapist

When a job is awarded based solely on gender

gender discrimination

Women are paid _____% of what men are in the U.S

80

When do women start to see dramatic bone loss of osteoporosis

after menopuase

Any attempt to deal with the impact of stress

coping

Someone who is much better at a task tan people who have not put in much effort

expert

Review the Big Five personality traits

1. neuroticism

2.extraversion

3.openess to experience

4.agreeableness

5.conscientiousness

Erikson's state at which people are unable to deal with the needs of their children or mentor to young adults

generativity vs. stagnation

Which gender is more likely to care for an aging parent

women

Grandparents in recent years have become more and more

the hands-on caregivers

The responsibility an adult child feels to care for his or her parents

filial obligation

Define boomerang kid

young adults who return to their parents home after college