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Protectorates

Countries that are protected or controlled by another (dependent) e.g. British Egypt

Maxim gun

Type of automatic machine gun

Rudyard Kipling

English author of “The Jungle Book” and “White Mans Burden”

Queen Victoria

Queen of England who expanded the British empire and industrialized

David Livingstone

Christian missionary in Africa who worked to end the illegal slave trade

Hiram Maxim

Inventor of the Maxim (machine) gun

Ferd De Lesseps

French diplomat who built the Suez Canal

Direct rule

a system of government in which a province is controlled by an imperial government.

Catherine II (the Great)

Russian empress who expanded the empire further into Western Europe

James Polk

U. S. president during the Mexican-American war who annexed Texas, New Mexico, and California

Inkarri

An Incan legend saying that the last Incan ruler, Atahualpa, would rise from the dead and restore his empire

Battle of Adwa

A decisive battle between the Ethiopians and the Italians (Ethiopia won)

Balkan Independence (mvmt)

Independence of Greece, Serbia, Montenegro, Romania, etc., from the Ottoman Empire

Mangal Pandey

Indian freedom fighter who played an important role in the Indian Rebellion of 1857

Menelik II

Emperor of Ethiopia that successfully defended Ethiopia's independence against Italian colonial expansion

Righteous and Harmonious Fists

Boxers in Boxer Rebellion

Shaka Zulu

King who founded the Zulu empire and caused Mfecane (South African widespread migration)

Vulcanization

making rubber more durable through the addition of certain chemicals

Treaty of Nanjing

Treaty between Britain and China including opening of ports to foreign countries, reparations, and cessation Hong Kong

William Sydney O. Porter

Coined the term “banana republic”

Porfiriato

time period when Porfirio Diaz was president

Plan of San Luis Potosí

Manifesto written by Francisco Madero calling for revolt against Diaz and starting the Mexican Revolution

1917 Constitution of Mexico

Result of Mexican Revolution detailing land redistribution, universal suffrage, and public education

Xin hai Revolution

1911 Revolution; ended the Qing dynasty and established the Republic of China

Tongmenghui

secret society founded by Sun Yat-sen that has planned to overthrow the Qing dynasty

Romanovs

Last imperial dynasty to rule Russia before the Russian Revolution

Pogrom

Organized massacre of an ethnic group, especially Jews

Duma

Russian legislative assembly which was established after 1905 but suppressed by the tsar, leading to the Russian Revolution

Nutuk

a speech given by Mustafa Kemal about the independence of Turkey and its future direction, which laid the foundation for the Republic of Turkey.

Puyi

Last emperor of the Qing dynasty

Czar Nicholas II

Last emperor of Russia before the Russian Revolution

Rasputin

Russian mystic who was close to Czar Nicholas II that gained influence in Russian politics, leading to discontent and the Russian Revolution

Mustafa Kemal Ataturk

The founder of the Republic of Turkey and its first president, known for implementing widespread secularizing reforms (but was a dictator).

July Crisis

The series of events in July 1914 that led to the outbreak of World War I, triggered by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

Kaiser Willhelm II

The last German Emperor and King of Prussia, who led Germany during World War I and was known for his militaristic policies.

Schlieffen Plan

A German military strategy designed to secure a quick victory in World War I by invading France through Belgium, before turning to fight Russia.

Dreadnought

A type of battleship characterized by its large size, heavy armament, and all-big-gun main battery, revolutionizing naval warfare in the early 20th century.

Western Front

The main theater of World War I in France/Belgium , characterized by trench warfare and significant battles between the Allies and Central Powers.

Lusitania

A British ocean liner sunk by a German U-boat in 1915, leading to significant public outrage and contributing to the United States entering World War I.

Bolshevik Revolution

A revolution in Russia where the Bolsheviks, under the leadership of Vladmir Lenin, took power of the government, promoting communism and stopped Russian participation in WW1

Battle of the Somme

A major battle during World War I fought between British and German forces in 1916. It is known for its large number of casualties and the first use of tanks in warfare.

armistice

an agreement by both sides to stop fighting for a time; a truce

Alfred von Schlieffen

German General who devised the Schlieffen Plan, which aimed to quickly defeat France before engaging Russia in World War I.

Arthur Zimmerman

German officer who sent the Zimmerman Telegram

David Lloyd George

British Prime Minister during World War I who attended the Paris Peace Conference, known for his leadership in the war and post-war negotiations.

Georges Clemenceau

French Prime Minister during the end of World War I who attended the Paris Peace Conference; wanted revenge on Germany and benefits for France

Erich Maria Remarque

Author of All Quiet on the Western Front

Arthur Balfour

British prime minister who signed the Balfour Declaration stating that Palestine was to be a territory reserved for Jews

Hirohito

Emperor of Japan during World War II; longest serving monarch of Japan

“Peace For Our Time” Speech

A speech made by British prime minister Neville Chamberlain detailing and defending the Munich Agreement, saying it would bring peace to Europe (which did not happen)

Lebensraum

“Living space” in German; the Nazis believed that expansionism was necessary to ensure Germans had adequate living space

Einstein-Szilard Letter

A letter by Leo Szilard and Albert Einstein warning U. S. president Franklin Delano Roosevelt about the dangers of nuclear research from the Nazis and encouraging the development of a U.S. nuclear program

Operation Overlord

aka. Normandy Landings, aka. D-Day; Allied troops landed on the beaches of France and began to retake it from Germany, signifying the liberation of Western Europe from Nazi rule

Dwight Eisenhower

U.S. military commander and president who planned and supervised Operation Torch and D-Day

Charles de Gaulle

Leader of the Free French Forces against Nazi Germany and who became the president of the Fifth Republic of France after its liberation

Bataan Death March

The forced marching of 76,000 Filipino and American prisoners of war by the Imperial Japanese Army to Camp O’Donnell in brutal conditions, leading to high casualties

Khmer Rouge

The Communist party in Cambodia lead by Pol Pot that committed genocide as they aimed to bring Cambodia into an agrarian utopia

Killing fields

Spaces where the Khmer Rouge used to gather, kill, and bury their victims

Pol Pot

Cambodian communist dictator and leader of the Khmer Rouge who carried out genocide against ethnic minorities, religious individuals, political opponents, and intellectuals in an attempt to bring Cambodia into an agricultural paradise