Social Justice II Civil Rights Unit Test

Booker T. Washington

born into slavery; most influential African American voice from 1895-1915; delivered the “Atlanta Compromise” speech (1895)

W.E.B. Du Bois

First African American to earn a PhD from Harvard (1895); NAACP co-founder (1909)

Marcus Garvey

Founder of the philosophy of Garveyism, a Black Nationalist and Black Separatist philosophy; Rev. Earl Little (Malcolm X’s father) advocated Garvey’s philosophy and was killed for doing so 

Malcolm X

Lead spokesperson for the NOI for 12 years. Changed name from Malcolm Little to reject “Little” as a so-called slave name

Martin Luther King Jr.

Earned a PhD in theology from BU (1955); wrote “Letter from Birmingham Jail”

Howard Thurman

MLK was influenced by Gandhi’s non-violent resistance to injustice through (this person) at BU

Lyndon B. Johnson

Assumed the presidency after the assassination of JFK. Said the best way to honor the fallen president was to pass his civil rights bill

Rosa Parks

NAACP activist arrested in Montgomery in December 1955 at age 42 for refusing to give up her bus seat. This event led to the Montgomery Bus Boycott

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. An American interracial civil rights organization that fought for racial integration. Formed largely in response to the 1908 Springfield Race Riot

NOI

Nation of Islam. A black nationalist, black separatist, and black supremacist organization that was not in favor of racial integration

1619

The first recorded arrival and sale of African slaves to British North American colonists, in Jamestown Virginia

1863

Emancipation Proclamation. Abraham Lincoln declared that all the African Americans enslaved in Confederate states are now legally free

August 1963

Dr. King delivers “I Have a Dream” at the March on Washington

November 1963

President JFK is assassinated in Dallas, Texas

“Letter from Birmingham Jail”

Famously written by MLK after being arrested for peacefully protesting racial segregation

“We Shall Overcome”

Unofficial anthem of the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s; performed by Joan Baez at the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom

Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)

Held that African Americans were not, and could never be, U.S. citizens.

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Upheld “separate but equal” racial segregation as constitutional

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Ruled that segregating children in public schools on the basis of race is not constitutional

13th Amendment

Abolishes slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime.

14th Amendment

Grants birthright citizenship; guarantees due process and equal protection

Precolonial Slavery

Based primarily upon social factors such as debt, prisoners of war, and criminal punishment (not race).

Atlanta Compromise

African Americans would not focus on racial integration and higher education if they were provided with economic opportunity.

Black Nationalism

Being for the creation of a national black consciousness and political identity

Black Separatism

Being for the creation of a literally independent black nation, physically seperate from White people

Black Supremacy

The belief that Black people are inherently superior to other races

Malcolm X - Reason for Name Change

To reject “Little” as a so-called slave name

Malcolm X - JFK Remark that led to a 90-day Silencing

“The chickens came home to roost.”

Malcolm X - Split with NOI

A major reason/contributing factor was disillusionment with NOI leadership