Functionalism on the Family

What is the functionalist view of the family?

The family is a vital institution that performs key functions for society and individuals, promotes social stability and value consensus.

Murdock

The nuclear family is universal and performs four essential functions: sexual, reproductive, economic, and education

What is one criticism of Murdock’s theory?

Feminists argue he ignores gender inequality; Marxists say he overlooks how the family supports capitalism.

Parsons’ two 'irreducible functions' of the family?

(1) Primary socialisation of children, and (2) Stabilisation of adult personalities.

What is the 'warm bath theory'?

Parsons used this metaphor to describe how the family provides emotional support for adult males, helping reduce stress.

Parsons’ two gender roles

Instrumental role and expressive role, based on biological differences.

Parsons’ 'functional fit' theory?

The structure of the family changes to fit the needs of society—e.g., the nuclear family fits industrial society.

Who were Young and Willmott, and what did they argue?

Proposed the 'March of Progress' view, arguing the family has become more symmetrical

What is the 'symmetrical family'

A modern family where men and women share roles more equally, both in paid work and domestic tasks.

What study did Young and Willmott conduct to support their theory?

A large-scale social survey in London that showed a rise in shared domestic roles and leisure time spent together.

Fletcher’s view on the modern family?

The family still performs essential functions, and even more emotional and supportive roles than before.

Fletcher’s primary functions

Primary: reproduction, sexual satisfaction, and socialisation.

Fletcher’s secondary functions?

Economic support, education, health, and recreation.

How does Fletcher respond to the idea that the family has lost functions to institutions like schools or the NHS?

He disagrees, claiming that while institutions share these roles, the family still plays a central part in performing them.

What do all functionalist theorists agree on about the family?

The family plays a positive role in maintaining social order, cohesion, and the transmission of culture.

One criticism of the functionalist perspective on the family?

Overly positive, ignores family diversity and dysfunction, and assumes consensus when conflict may exist.