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Who was Franklin Roosevelt? What did he preach?
President in 1932+1936, helped with relief for the Great Depression with the New Deal, had polio, preached for the "forgotten Man"
Who was Elenore Roosevelt and what was her significance?
FDR's wife and was one of the most active First Ladies, was FDR's (Legs) and advocated for him, women and always fought for the impoverished and oppressed
Who was the Brain Trust?
Young university professors who were specialists in law, economics and welfare, and who advised FDR and helped him write speeches and develop New Deal policies
What was the New Deal?
FDR and his Administration's policies consisting of relief and reforms to solve problems of the Great Depression, especially for the unemployed and economic recovery.
(Democrats Tune was "Happy Days are Here Again"
What did FDR advocate in the Election of 1932? Who was chosen over him, who did he run against and who won?
Promised balanced budget and 25% cuts in government spending
He criticized present budget deficits
Promised government aid for the unemployed
Advocated the repeal of Prohibition
FDR chosen over Al Smith, ran against Hoover and won
What happened to Hoover after Roosevelt won the Election of 1932?
Hoover was stuck in office, and couldn't embark on any long-range policies without Roosevelt - "Lame-Duck Period" - he was still able to schedule 2 meetings with FDR, and tried to bind him with an anti-inflationary policy that would make the New Deal impossible
What were the Hundred Days?
The first hundred days of FDR's administration (May 9-June16 1933) where many reform bills were passed to launch the New Deal)
What were FDR's Three R's?
Relief, Recovery, Reform
What was the 20th Amendment?
Moved the beginning and end of the terms of the president from March 4 to January 20 and the members of Congress for March 4 to January 3
What was the 21st Amendment?
repealed prohibition / 18th Amendment
What was the Bank Holiday?
FDR closed all the banks from March 6-10 to reorganize them and reopen the stable ones on a sounder basis
What was the Emergency Bank Relief Act?
1933 - invested the president with the power to regulate banking transactions and foreign exchange and to reopen solvent banks
What were "Fireside" Chats?
FDR's radio talks assuring that it was now safer to keep money in a reopened bank than "under the mattress."
What was the Glass-Stegall Banking Reform Act?
Created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation which insured individual bank deposits and ended unstable banking
What was the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation?
insured individual deposits up to $5000 (later raised)
What did Roosevelt do with the Gold Standard?
Confiscated all gold holdings in replace for paper money and took the country off the gold standard (later returned the nation to a limited gold standard)
What was the Civilian Conservation Corps? (CCC)
hired 3 million young men to work for the government, like reforestation, firefighting and flood control, and forced them to pay a small sum back to their families
What was the Federal Emergency Relief Administration?
Created to help grapple with unemployment - Aim was immediate relief rather then long range recovery- handed over to Harry L. Hopkins
Who was Harry L. Hopkins?
A social worker in NY who won FDR's friendship and became one of his most influential advisors, given charge of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA).
What was the Agricultural Adjustment Act? (AAA)
program that sought to raise agricultural prices by paying farmers not to farm - Based on the assumption that higher prices would increase farmers' purchasing power and thereby help alleviate the Great Depression
What was the Home Owner's Loan Corporation? (HOLC)
designed to refinance mortgages on non farm homes // gave loans to people who were struggling to pay their mortgages
What was the Civil Works Administration? (CWA)
Branch of FERA that offered purely temporary jobs like construction jobs for roads and playgrounds
What were Demagogues?
Critics of the New Deal
Who was Father Charles Coughlin?
A Catholic "Radio" Priest from Detroit that was not a supporter of FDR and the New Deal and preached "Social Justice"- reached 40 million fans and was later silenced for being too Anti-Semetic
Who was Senator Huey P. Long?
Used his abundant talents to publicize his "Share Our Wealth" Program where it was promised that every family was to receive $5000- Was murdered by an assassin for the fear of him becoming a fascist
Who was Dr. Francis Townsend?
retired CA Physician that promised everyone over 60 years old $200 a month to boost the economy (raise pensions for people over 60s)
What was the Works Progress Administration?
Objective was employment on useful projects and was launched under Hopkins - spent $11 billion on thousands of public bridges, buildings and roads, and also for artists to create posters and murals along with money for public facilities (big employement!!)
What was the Federal Arts Project?
hired artists to create posters and murals
WPA built long lived public facilities, preserved workers' self respect, nourished much precious talent and sponsored more than a million works of art
Who was Frances Perkins?
first female cabinet member, secretary of labor
What was the National Youth Administration?
created to provide education, jobs, counseling, and recreation for young people
Who was Mary McLeod Bethune
the director of the Office of Minority Affairs in the National Youth Administration and served as highest-ranking African American
Who were some other influencial women during this time?
Ruth Benedict - developed the "culture and personality movement" and created the 'Patterns of Culture"
Margaret Mead - advanced for bold new ideas about sexuality, gender roles, and intergenerational relationships
Pearl S. Buck - introduced American readers to Chinese peasant society
What was the National Recovery Administration? (NRA, 1933)
designed to assist industry, labor and the unemployed through centralized planning mechanisms that monitored workers' earnings and working hours to distribute work and establish codes for "fair competition" to ensure that similar procedures were followed.
- Also included min-wage and max hour provisions
- Workers gained right to organize and bargain collectively
- Philadelphia Eagles came out of this
What was the court case of Schechter vs United States?
Justices unanimously held that Congress could not "delegate legislative powers" to the executive and further declared that congressional control of interstate commerce could not properly apply to a local fowl business
- "The President cannot be allowed to have unbridled control to make whatever laws he believes to be necessary to achieve a certain goal"
- "Sick Chicken" Decision
What was the Public Works Adminstration? (PWA)
Intended for both industrial recovery and unemployment relief and headed by Sec of the Interior Harold L. Ickes
- Long Range Recovery was primary purpose - spent 4 billion on 34 thousand projects (included buildings, highways and parkways) and provided tons of jobs
- Grand Coulee Dam on Columbia River in Washington State - made possible irrigation of millions of acres of new farmland and created tons o'electrical power
Who was Harold L. Ickes?
Secretary of the Interior, one of FDR's closest advisors who headed the Public Works Administration (PWA) and tackled the dust bowl's human causes.
- Believed that poor land practices made for poor people.
What was the Agricultural Adjustment Administration? (AAA)
program that sought to raise agricultural prices by paying farmers not to farm - Based on the assumption that higher prices would increase farmers' purchasing power and thereby help alleviate the Great Depression
What was the Court case of Butler vs United States?
Decision in which the Court declared the Agricultural Adjustment Act unconstitutional because it attempted to regulate and control agricultural production which was a power that should be reserved to the states.
What did the New Deal Congress do after the first AAA was shut down?
Release the second AAA along with the Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act of 1936
What was the Dust Bowl?
1933 - Mississippi Drought - Rainless weeks, furious winds, millions of tons of topsoil torn from devastated homesteads and blotted the sun from Eastern Colorado to Western Missouri- another cause was acres of marginal land was cultivated - worse dry farming techniques and mechanization had revolutionized the Great Plains
Who were Okies?
refugees and migrants that escaped Oklahoma to California
What was the "The Grapes of Wrath"?
A novel by John Steinbeck that immortalized the people fleeing the Dust Bowl
What was the Indian Reorganization Act? (1934)
Reverse the policy of assimilation that came from the Dawes Act, restore tribal autonomy and promote the economic well being of reservation by extending loans to them.
What was the Federal Securities Act? (FSA)
Required promoters to provide potential investors with independently audited information regarding the soundness of their stocks and bonds
What was the Securities and Exchange Commission?
Acted as a watchdog over the financial sector // regulated the stock market and prevented fraud.
What was the Tennessee Valley Authority? (TVA)
One of the most revolutionary New Deal Schemes that brought to the area full employment, cheap electric power, low cost housing, abundant cheap nitrates, reforestation, improved irrigation and flood control
What was the Federal Housing Authority?
The building industry was to be stimulated by small loans to house holders, both for improving their dwellings and for completing new ones
What was the United States Housing Authority? (USHA)
agency designed to lend money to states or communities for low-cost construction
What is Red Lining?
refuse (a loan or insurance) to someone because they live in an area deemed to be a poor financial risk.
What was the Social Security Act?
provided for unemployment and old-age insurance along with pensions for the elderly and disabled financed by a payroll tax on employers and employees.
What was the National Labor Relations Act / The Wagner Act?
created a powerful new National Labor Relations Board to protect the right of workers to engage in self organization, organize in unions, monitor unfair labor practices and to bargain collectively through representatives of their own choice
What was the Congress of Industrial Organization? (CIO)
New Deal organization that broke away from the American Federation of Labor (AFoL) in order to organize unskilled industrial workers regardless of their particular economic sector or craft- gave great boosts to labor organizing and later merged with the AFoL in 1955
Who was John L. Lewis?
Boss of the United Mine Workers that led the drive of workers organizing themselves into unions and founded the Committee of Industrial Organizations that established the United Steel Workers of America and helped organize millions of other industrial workers
What was the Fair Labor Standards Act? (FLSA)
Required industries involved in interstate commerce to adhere to minimum-wage (40 cents an hour later raised) and maximum hour standards (40 hour week), and forbade labor by children under 16 (or 18 if the work was dangerous)
Who ran in the 1936 Election? Who won?
Franklin D. Roosevelt (Dem) vs Alfred M Landon (R) vs Lemke (Union Party)Roosevelt with landslide over Landon because he advocated for the "Forgotten Man"
Who was Alfred Landon?
Chosen by Republicans for the 1936 Election, and accepted some new deal reforms but not the Social Security Act- was backed by Hoover and called him the "Crusade for Liberty"
What was the Judiciary Reorganization Bill/Court-Packing Plan?
Bill that allowed the appointment of associative justices for every sitting member over the age of 70 and a half, with a max of six.
Who was John M. Keynes?
British Economist that helped America out of the Great Depression by influencing FDR to use Keynesianism, the use of government spending and fiscal policy to "prime the pump" of the economy and encourage consumer spending
What was the Hatch Act?
Prohibited federal administrative officials from active political campaigning and soliciting
