phonological processes

when alveolar sounds, like /t/ and /d/, are substituted with velar sounds like /k/ and /g/

backing

when velar or palatal sounds, like /k/ and /g/, and sh, are substituted with alveolar sounds like /t/ /d/ and /s/

fronting

when /r/ becomes a /w/, and /l/ becomes a /w/ or y sound

gliding

when a fricative (like /f/ or /s/) or affricate (ch, j) is substituted with a consonant like /p/ or /d/

stopping

when the /l/ or er sound is replaced with a vowel

vowelization

when a non-affricate is replaced with an affricate (ch or j)

affrication

when an affricate, like ch or j, is replaced with a fricative or stop like sh or /d/

deaffrication

when a nonalveolar sound is substituted with an alveolar sound

alveolarization

when a palatal sound is substituted with a nonpalatal sound

depalatalization

when a nonlabial sound is replaced with a labial sound

labialization

when a consonant sound starts to sound like another sound in the word

assimilation

when a nasal consonant like /m/ or /n/ changes to a non-nasal consonant like /b/ or /d/

denasalization

when a voiced consonant at the end of a word like /b/ or /d/ is substituted with a voiceless consonant like /p/ or /t/

final consonant devoicing

when a voiceless consonant at the beginning of a word like /k/ or /f/ is substituted with a voiced consonant like /g/ or /v/

prevocalic voicing

when two phonemes are substituted with a different phoneme that still has similar features

coalescence

when a complete or incomplete syllable is repeated

reduplication

when a consonant cluster is reduced to a single consonant

cluster reduction

when the final consonant of a word is left off

final consonant deletion

when the initial consonant in a word is left off

initial consonant deletion

when the weak syllable in a word is deleted

weak syllable deletion

when a sound is added between two consonants, typically the uh sound

epenthesis

"gog" for "dog"

backing

"tootie" for "cookie"

fronting

"wabbit" for "rabbit" or "yeyo" for "yellow"

gliding

"pan" for "fan" or "dump" for "jump"

stopping

"appo" for "apple" or "papuh" for "paper"

vowelization

"joor" for "door"

affrication

"ships" for "chip"

deaffrication

"tu" for "shoe"

alveolarization

"fit" for "fish"

depalatalization

"pie" for "tie"

labialization

"bub" for "bus"

assimilation

"doze" for "nose"

denasalization

"pick" for "pig"

final consonant devoicing

"gomb" for "comb"

prevocalic voicing

"foon" for "spoon"

coalescence

"baba" for "bottle"

reduplication

"pane" for "plane"

cluster reduction

"toe" for "toad"

final consonant deletion

"unny" for "bunny"

initial consonant deletion

"nana" for "banana"

weak syllable deletion

"bu-lue" for "blue"

epenthesis

approximate age of elimination for backing

usually seen in more severe phonological delays

approximate age of elimination for fronting

3.5 years

approximate age of elimination for gliding

6 years

approximate age of elimination for stopping

/f/ and /s/ by 3

/v/ and /z/ by 3.5

sh, ch, and j by 4.5

th by 5

approximate age of elimination for affrication

3 years

approximate age of elimination for deaffrication

4 years

approximate age of elimination for alveolarizaton

5 years

approximate age of elimination for depalatalization

5 years

approximate age of elimination for labialization

6 years

approximate age of elimination for assimilation

3 years

approximate age of elimination for denasalization

2.5 years

approximate age of elimination for final consonant devoicing

3 years

approximate age of elimination for prevocalic voicing

6 years

approximate age of elimination for reduplication

3 years

approximate age of elimination for cluster reduction

gone by 4 years without /s/ and gone by 5 years with /s/

approximate age of elimination for final consonant deletion

3 years

approximate age of elimination for initial consonant deletion

usually seen in more severe phonological delays

approximate age of elimination for weak syllable deletion

4 years

approximate age of elimination for epenthesis

8 years