DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis Review

DNA Purines

Adenine and Guanine

DNA Pyrimidines

Cytosine and Thymine

DNA “Backbone” is made of:

Phosphates and Deoxyribose sugars

How many Hydrogen bonds do adenine and thymine form?

2

How many Hydrogen bonds do cytosine and guanine form?

3

What makes DNA and RNA different?

RNA has a hydroxyl (OH) group at the 2’ carbon, versus the H at 2’ carbon of Deoxyribose. RNA has uracil in the place of thymine.

mRNA

Messenger RNA, RNA produced during transcription that carries genetic code to ribosomes.

tRNA

Transfer RNA, inteprets the info brought by mRNA and matches corresponding codons to its anticodon site.

rRNA

Ribosomal RNA, joins with proteins to make up the ribosome, which is responsible for translation.

Amino acid structure

Central carbon, bonded to an amino group on one side (NH2), a carboxyl group on the other (COOH), and an atom or group of atoms on the other side (R-group/side chain)

Approximately how many different amino acids are there?

20

What bonds form when amino acids connect?

Peptide bonds

Primary structure of protein:

Determines the sequence of amino acids found in a polypeptide chain

Secondary structure of protein:

Determines how the sections of the polypeptide fold along its length

Tertiary structure of protein:

3D folding pattern determined by how the different r-groups interact with water within the cell.

Quaternary structure of protein:

Consisting of multiple amino acid chains.

What two proteins form a transcription bubble by binding to the promoter?

Transcription factors and RNA polymerase

What direction does RNA polymerase read the template strand from?

3’ to 5’

What direction does mRNA code in from the template strand?

5’ to 3’

In which kind of cell does mRNA processing occur?

Eukaryotic

Where must pre-mRNA be taken before it can be translated?

The cytoplasm

What is added to the 5’ end of the pre-mRNA during processing?

5’ guanine cap

What is added to the 3’ end of the pre-mRNA during processing?

3’ poly-A tail

Which end of the mRNA is the translation start codon located on?

The 5’ end

P-site

Where tRNA that is still attached to the growing protein is located, polypeptide chain is produced from here.

A-site

Where the tRNA that has released its amino acid exits the ribosome

E-site

Where the tRNA that has released its amino acid exits the ribosome

Which protein binds to the stop codon and terminates translation?

Release factor

Genome

All of the DNA in a cell of an organism

Chromosome

Each independent molecule of DNA in a cell and the proteins associated with the DNA that carries info to make different RNA molecules and proteins.

Gene

Region of DNA on a chromosome that carries the information to make specific proteins or RNA

Gene expression

The process of extracting info from the gene.

Promoter Region

Marks the beginning of the gene

Coding Region

A segment of DNA that encodes the RNA or protein that will be produced

Terminator

Marks the end of a gene

What direction is mRNA read by the ribosome?

5’ to 3’