Unit 13 AP Computer Science Principles

Data

information collected about the physical world (numbers, words, measurements, observations, etc) that is in a computer-readable form

human-readable information

Information like books, notebooks, physical photographs, voice

numbers (binary ones)

What is computer readable information?

song files, video files, image files, text files, spreadsheet measurements, and statistics

human-readable data into digital examples

write programs to store, process, manipulate and visualize data

What can be done once data is structured in a uniform way?

input data

any information, or data, that is sent to a computer for processing (spreadsheets, keyboard inputs, HTTP requests)

takes in input data, analyze and manipulate it, and produce output data

what do programs do?

output data

the data resulting from a computer run (sounds, images, HTTP response)

creation of knowledge

what do data and information facilitate?

extract info, identify trends, make predictions, make connections, recognize problems

what does digital data allow us to do?

computing tools

what is essential when working with large data sets in order to extract useful info and gain knowledge?

Computing tools

a computer program that provides ways to search, filter, store, and visualize data

databases and data base language

find solution: storing and processing massive amount of data efficiently is challenging

encrypt and anonymize data

find solution: keeping data private is challenging

read privacy policy

find solution: not everyone knows how much of their personal data is being tracked

digital universe

all data that has been created and stored

33%

what amount of info could be useful if appropriately tagged and analyzed?

worthless

what is data as raw and unorganized facts?

information

potentially valuable concepts based on data

knowledge

what we understand based upon information

wisdom

the effective use of knowledge in decision making

data visualization

using charts, graphs, or images to visualize complex data

easier to understand and extract useful info, faster, useful in all fields

why visualize data?

Charles Joseph Minard

Made famous visualizations of Napoleon's losses during the Russian campaign on 1812. One of the first to develop information graphics

19th century

When was the pie chart invented?

17th century

When were maps invented?

process large amounts of data quickly, constantly update to stay accurate, add interactivity, blend science and art, rapidly changing

how has computing been beneficial in data visualizations?

table

type of data visualization that is great for showing precise data

pie chart

type of data visualization that is great for showing percentages of the whole

line chart

type of data visualization that is great for showing trend over time

bar chart

type of data visualization that is great for comparing different catagories

Histogram

type of data visualization that is great for showing the frequency of events

widespread access to knowledge

what do public data sets and data visualizations allow for?

surveys, sensors, transactional data from credit cards, websites, crowdsourcing

ways data is collected

Sensors

Input devices used to measure physical traits, such as sound, heat, or light.

lock disk memory, databases, encrypted (if sensative)

how is data stored?

database query languages and data APIs

what allows us to ask a database for the data we want in out programs?

database query languages

computer languages used to make queries in databases and information systems (structured query language)

data sanitization

Throwing out data that is not well formatted

numbers

what is easier to process?: numbers or text

Data Limitations

There are limitations to what we can conclude from examining data and data visualizations

omitting data, not starting graph at zero, breaking conventions, correlation doesn't imply causation

misleading visualizations

Omitting Data

leaving out data points to make a fake trend

Metadata

data about data; describes how and when and by whom a particular set of data was collected, and how data is formatted