N110

What do humans remember?

-Human faces
-Human interactions
-Surprising or emotional events
-Interesting things
-Proceed info
-Reported info

What do humans have a difficulty remembering?

Everything you are taught in college

What do you remember?

Short-term memory

What is the process of converting short-term memory to long-term memory?

Consolidation

Patient "S" case. Recite.

-Appeared to have limitless memory.
-Everything was put into long-term memory
-This suggests that the human brain can remember everything

How should you study?

- start studying right after the lecture; don't wait until you forget most of it three weeks later

- eliminate distractions; focused attention is required for consolidation

- after you review the material, try to replicate it either verbally or in written form; repeat

- correct any misunderstandings before the next lecture

\_____ is the most used strategy (84%).
\_____ is the 1% usage.

-Rereading, practice recalling
-Self-testing

Whats the condition associated with remembering things too strongly with norepinephrine?

PTSD

Soldiers are often taking \_____, which may increase their PTSD risk.

Adderall (norepinephrine stimulants)

What can you take to block bad memories from consolidating?

Beta-blockers (block beta receptors)

Recalled long-term memories must be \_____, allowing you to erase them with beta-blockers.

Reconsidered

People with extraordinary memories, able to remember the tiniest of details, but limited mental abilities.

Savants

Memory impairment is:

Amnesia

Cant remember past memories is:

Retrograde amnesia

Cant remember past memories or form new memories:

Global amnesia (dementia)

Can't form new memories:

Anterograde amnesia

H.M had his hippocampus removed and developed \______amnesia

Anterograde amnesia

\______ damage produces a memory deficit for new facts.

Hippocampus

The hippocampus is needed for \_____. Not the site of long-term or short memory

Consolidation, from short-term to long-term memory

New memories of \_____, not skills are the type of memories that require the hippocampus to consolidate.

facts

Why do London taxicab drivers have an enlarged hippocampus?

-Lots of learning increases the hippocampus.

Do people have large hippocampus and then have a good memory, or does their good memory give them large hippocampus?

Studying the right way increases hippocampus and retains information better

\______ is required for consolidation.

Focused attention and elimination of distractions.

\_____ results in more complex brains compared to standard enrichment.

Enriched environments

\_____ models of neurological disorders improve with environmental enrichment.

Animal

Children raised in orphanages have \_____.

Post-institutional autistic syndrome

Children with autism have \___ and \___. After environmental enrichment therapy (focusing on novel experiences), these improved by 42%.

-Poor social interaction
-Restricted/repetitive behavior

After autistic children received environmental therapy, their \___,\___,\___, and \___ improved. And 21 % were below the autism cut-off scale

-Childhood autism rating (scale)
-IQ
-Abnormal Sensory Responses
-Communication

\____ with environmental enrichment therapy results in better outcomes.

Compliance (parental)

Environment enrichment care is effective at \___ levels of initial symptom severity. Standard care is not.,

All

Environmental enrichment therapy is effective at all \____ and for both \___ and \___.

-Ages
-Male
-Female

What symptoms improved after environmental enrichment therapy?

-Social skills
-Repetitive Behaviors

What age group of autistic patients are most difficult to treat?

Teenagers

Environmental enrichment therapy is \___ lasting.

Long

Is autism caused by the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine? This is an example \_____.

-No
-Etiology
-Measles virus wasn't solely in autistic patients
-No increase in autism after MMR vaccine release, or booster
-Vaccinated and unvaccinated have same probability
-No increase in autism for those who have measles

Evidence against anti-vax autism?

Report of measles virus in gut of autism patient was false.

People thought \___ in vaccines caused autism.

Mercury (Thimerosal)

Thimerosal, or ethyl mercury, is used in vaccines. \____ is the neurotoxin.

Methyl mercury

There is \____ relationship between the total amount of thimerosal injected and autism.

No

The \_____ of autism is estimated to be 85%

Heritability

Many schools in west LA have had \____ rates lower than conflict areas in Africa.

Vaccination

The process of \____ occurs when a short-term memory is turned into a long-term memory.

Consolidation

The hippocampus is responsible for:

The formation of memory that you can recall next year (Anterograde, processing)

What is it called when both anterograde and retrograde amnesia are present?

Global amnesia (Dementia)

HM has difficulty learning new:

facts

Tricyclic antidepressant blocks the \____ of serotonin and norepinephrine

Reuptake

\____ blocks the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine.

Tricyclic antidepressants

Prenatal \____ may play a role in the development of male homosexuality.

stress

Damage to the hippocampus interferes with:

-Consolidation

Focused \_____ is required for long term memory acquisition.

Attention

When new memories are formed:

New synaptic connections are made

We would expect HM to be able to:

He can only remember things before his hippocampus was damaged such as old neighbors and names.
He is unable to form NEW memories or facts

Teens have a(an) \_____ melatonin surge.

Delayed

The loss of orexin produces:

Narcolepsy

The loss of \___ produces narcolepsy.

Orexins

Norepinephrine depletion diminishes:

attention

Women have about \____ the incidence of depression more than men until they are in their fifties.

twice

Chronic stress improves:

Amygdala neural connections

Moderate to serious AD patients are treated with kind of blocker?

NMDA

1-2 step programs and other abstinence-based programs have extraordinarily high \_____:

Relapse rates

The opioid epidemic includes deaths from:

-prescription opioids (hydrocodone, oxycodone), heroin, fentanyl

After repeated drug administration there is a strong desire for it. Example of:

Craving

Lack of drugs to an addicted person causes a variety of unpleasant symptoms. This is an example of:

Withdrawal

Repeated administration of a drug lead to a decreased drug effect. This is an example of:

Tolerance

Three step process of drug addiction:

-Craving
-Withdrawal
-Tolerance

Pavlov called the dogs drooling to stimulus:

Salivation reflex

Dog salivating to food is the \____ stimulus to \_____ response.

unconditional, unconditional

A dog salivating when it hears the sound of a can opener is an example of \_______.

Conditional stimulus to the conditional response

The drug administration ritual is the \____ stimulus.

Conditional

The compensatory response in the drug users is when \_____. It's the same as the \____ response.

-The body negates the effect of drugs used
-Conditional

The \_____ response helps to maintain a steady state.

-Anticipatory
-Compensatory

The conditional response (does/does not) need to be the same as the unconditional response

Does not

Drug use: unconditional stimulus, unconditional response and VV conditional?

-Unconditional stimulus: drug use
-Unconditional response: drug effect
-Conditional stimulus: drug administration
-Conditional response: compensatory response

Tolerance is a product of the \_____ response and is the same thing as withdrawal.

compensatory

Unlearning is also known as:

Extinction

The only way to diminish a learned compensatory response is:

Extinction/unlearning

\_____ became opioid addicts and people were scared there would be a crime wave.

Vietnam returnees

Implications for drug overdose? Why do people overdose even when using the same amount?

If you change the environment and change the drug administration ritual, your brain does not pick up this conditioned stimulus and does not start the conditioned response, the compensatory response. So then you're injecting a lot without the proper drug offsets.

Rats given a drug in one environment were \_____ to the drug if tested in a new environment.

not tolerant

Two schools of thought of treating drug addiction are:

Abstinence and drug-based treatment

\_____(liquid opioid) is an opioid \_______

-Methadone
-Agonist

\_____ is a more effective monthly Naltrexone implane.

Vivitrol

\_____ releases \_____(opioid agonist) for six months and there is even more effective.

-Probuphine implant
-Buprenorphine

What did Switzerland do to end the heroin epidemic?

Legalize heroin

Addiction is a combination of \____ and \____ processes.

-Physical
-Psychological

All drugs that are addictive activate the \____ pathway

Dopamine

\______ neurons in the \_____, which projects to the \_____ via the \______ activated by all the drugs that are addictive.

-Dopamine
-Ventral tegmental area (VTA)
-nucleus accumbens (NA)
-nigrostriatal bundle

Nicotine induces the \____ to release\____.

Ventral tegmental area (VTA) neurons to release dopamine

\____ induces the VTA neurons to release dopamine

Nicotine

Cocaine blocks the reuptake of \_______ into the \_____.

-Dopamine
-VTA neurons

\_____ blocks the reuptake of dopamine into\____.

Cocaine
VTA neurons

Alcohol and opiates quiet neurons that would ordinarily \______

inhibit dopamine neurons

Opiates mimic the effects of \____ on the \_____.

Dopamine
Nucleus accumbens

\___ have amplifies dopamine response

Teens

Vaccines have been shown to:

improve immunity towards specific antigens

Those children with autism who were treated with increased sensory motor stimulation had:

increased IQ and others

Mercury is a:

neurotoxin

\___ was reported in the gut of autistic children.

Measles

There is a 200% increased risk of having autism if a \____ is a STEM major in college.

sibling

What prevents all females from being masculinized?

Alpha-fetoprotein