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Indian Sub-Continent
India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan
Indus Region
Was home to the largest of the four ancient civilizations such as the Indus Valley Civilization
INDIA/PAKISTAN
World's 7th largest country
INDIA/PAKISTAN
World's 1st largest population
Bharat
Diamond shaped
Once included Pakistan and Bangladesh
Northern Region
Mountain zone of the Himalayas
Himalayan mountain
is the highest and home to Mt. Everest (along the border of China & Tibet)
Southerly Range of the Himalayas
the great northern plain
Indo-gangetic plain
Formed by the basins of Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra
Fine red and cream sandstone
Stone carpentry tools (white marble)
Granite of Deccan and volcanic potstone
timber
Bricks and Terra Cotta
Rock cut
Rhats
Soapstone
Materials used in india
Lack of building stone and availability of timber along Ingdus and Ganges valley
Teakwood - Burma
Softwood Deadar - Northern mountain ranges
Shisham (Indian Roosewood) - hardwood found in river and valleys of the north
northern India's climate
Has seasonal temperatures with cool winters
southern indias climate
In land, it is hot and dry
Temperatures can reach as high as 48 degrees celsius
Moonsoons duringn June through September produce severe storms with train
secularism
religion in india today
Secularism
India declared to be secular state with no state religion
Not a separation of religion from state but a state that supports or participates in a neutral manner
PREHISTORIC RELIGION IN INDIA
Religion served as a basis of social structure and bound up with human behaviour and conduct of public affairs
PREHISTORIC RELIGION IN INDIA
Religion served as a basis of social structure and bound up with human behaviour and conduct of public affairs
Vedism
Started polytheistic sacrificial religion
Vedism
worship of numerous male divinities (few goddesses)
trees, stones, water
material things worshiped on vedism
Vedism
no concepts of karma and reincarnation
present in hinduism
Brahmanism
under the influence of the dominant priesthood/brahmans
Brahmanism
early stage in the development of hindiuam
Brama
supreme god of brahmanism
Brahmanism
Believes in "Energy to another energy" (human soul is an energy)
hinduism
Verdic philosophies + Brahmanical rituals =
Hinduism
started between 2300 BC and 1500 BC in Indus valley (near modern day Pakistan)
Hinduism
Incorporates
yogic mysticism
tantrik occultism
fertility cults
monastic orders
pagan customs and belief in one God who manifests as innumerable divine beings
Hinduism
Incorporates
emphasises necessity of escaping from material life and of extinguishing desire
ritualistic and includes extreme self denial and self punishment
reincarnation
belief in the transmigration of souls where when a person dies, his soul enters the body of a newborn child/new person or an animal
om/aum
visual and oral representation of brahmin
beginning
A in om/aum
process
b in om/aum
dissolution
c in om/aum
Om
the power responsible for the creation, development and destruction of the universe
Swatiska
auspicious, good fourtine, protection
swasti
auspicious
Swatiska
symbol of vishnu
eternal wheel of life
rotating upon an unchanging centre
Lotus
seat of brama
birth of the universe
sun
rises in the navel of vishnu
Lord Brahma
chief god
omnipresent one who js father of the Brahman Trinity
Lord Brahma
Creates, maintains, destroys, recreates the universe in never-ending cycle
Lord Brahma
has 4 heads, 3 of which (representing their trinity)
brahma
vishnu: preserver
shiva: destroyer
3 Trinity heads of brama
creator
brama head meaning
vishnu
vishnu head meaning
destroyer
shiva head meaning
lord shiva
great ascetic, master of fertility, master of poison and me, lord cattle
lord shiva
god of yogis ( yoga)
lord shiva
shown in austere meditation on mount kailas, clad only in a tiger skin with snake around his neck
Lord vishnu (narayana, rama, hari)
god of preservation, great maintainer who often appears in various incarnations (avatara) to provide salvation for humanity
Lord vishnu
power to create and destroy
Lord vishnu
most human like of the three heads
Lord vishnu
face = androgynous
Hindu Deities
gods and goddesses in hinduism
Hindu Deities
represented with various icons clled Murtis (paintings) and Pratimas (sculpture)
rivers and cows
indias Sacred symbols
Rivers
each is a manifestation of a god or goddess
sacred and purifying
washes away sins and misfortune
pilgrimages and ritual baths
ex. brahma putra, ganges
Cows
represents Mother Earth as it is a source of goodness and its milk nourishes all creature
Social structure
duty was extremely important in india thats why this is relevant
caste system - to ensure order
family - extended
Village
three important pillars in india
caste system
Originated from the aryans in order to maintain purity of their blood and maintain white supremacy
brahmin
priest in the caste system
kshatryia
warriors in the caste system
viasya
merchants and landowner in the caste system
sudra
commoners, peasants, and servants in the caste system
untachable
street sweepers and latrine cleaners
varna
social class and hierarchal system
dalits (the untacehables)
the outcasts
whithout varna
dalits
traditional professions
deal with bodies of dead animals or unclaimed dead humans
tan leather
clean up human and animal waste
education
only way to get out of being dalit
food
eating restrictions vary per state
vegetarian heaven !
when meat is incorporated in dishes = chicken, beef or lamb; sometimes seafood (prawns)
majority of indian population is hindu so beef and pork are often excluded from indian dishes due to religious requirements
Greetings
Namaste (used day or night)
non contact respectful greeting
still in everyday use
used at any time of Day
"i bow to the god within you" or "spirit within me salutes the spirit in you" - knowing that we are all made from the same one divine consciousness
hindu temple
temples are built in key geographical points (ex. hilltop, near waterfalls, etc.) which makes worship / contemplation easier
macronosm
entire universe
micronosm
human body
jainism
path to enlightenment is through non violence
originated in india
jainism
Started the context of karma
believes in reincarnation
cycle of birth, death, rebirth
Karma
determines how you are reincarnated
Agamas
sacred text
Digambaram
Shvetambaras
groups in india
digambaram
Sky clad or naked
Shvetambaras
white clad
monks who wear simple and white robes
Jain Temples
the place of worship for Jains, the followers of Jainism.
Deraser or Basadi
architecture has little difference fromhindu temples
distinguished by the extraordinaryrichness and complexity of sculptural ornament
buddhism
ancient indian religion
Founded by Siddhartha Guatama (Sakya prince)
Siddhartha Guatama (Sakya prince)
attained awakening at 35 yrs old sitting under a Bodhi tree
became a buddha (also known as Gautama Buddha)
Buddha
awakened one/supreme enlightened one
founded in NE India in the 5th c. BCE.
theravada (lesser vehicle)
Mahayana (greater vehicle)
Buddhism's two major branches
Theravada
remains faithful to ancient rules Maha
lesser vehicle
Mahayana
worship of bodhisattvas or creatures of charity
greater vehicle
Emperor Ashoka
3rd most powerful Mauryan emperor
created the first pam-indian empire (273 -232 BCE)
Emperor Ashoka
promoted Buddhism during the 3rd c. BCE, but declined in succeeding centuries
concentrated in Monasteries and in shrines where relics of those whom had achieved salvation (nirvna) were deposited
Emperor Ashoka
shrines took the form of stupas or domical mounds
monasteries became places of international pilgrimage and dissemination of learning
Sikhism
emphasis on the principle of equality of all humans
don't believe in caste, creed and system
Sikhism
believers wear turbans
encourages self-defence
not revenge
teaches observers to be free of hatred
singh
how all males in sikhism adopt suremane meaning lion
Kaur
how all female in sikhism adopt surname meaning princess
Gurdwara
Sikh place of worship
