AP World History Unit 2 Test

The scene depicted in the painting is best understood in the context of which of the following wider Afro-Eurasian developments?

Responses

A

The collapse of papal authority

B

The diffusion of artistic traditions

C

The spread of epidemic diseases

D

The revival of classical architecture

C

Developments such as the one depicted in the painting most directly contributed to which of the following in Afro-Eurasia in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries?

Responses

A

Creation of diasporic merchant communities

B

Peasant revolts against taxation and coercive labor systems

C

An increase of religious tolerance

D

An expansion of Mongol power

B

Developments such as the one depicted in the painting most directly contributed to which of the following?

Responses

A

The decline of patriarchy across Afro-Eurasia

B

The decline of many urban areas

C

A decrease in technological and scientific innovation

D

A decrease in military conflicts

B

The map above indicates that

Responses

A

Mali was a major source and hub of the gold trade

B

slavery existed in the western Sudan

C

Europeans had begun to make inroads in West Africa

D

Mali remained isolated from Europe and the Middle East

E

Atlantic ports were crucial for the transportation of salt and gold

A

English nobles resisted peasant demands such as those described in the passage because agricultural labor in many parts of fourteenth-century Afro-Eurasia had become scarce as a result of which of the following developments?

Responses

A

The migration of peasants to cities in search of industrial employment

B

Significant increase in mortality due to the spread of epidemic diseases

C

The development of wage-based economies with the emergence of capitalism

D

Widespread famine resulting from rising global temperatures

B

Which of the following resulted from the fragmentation of the Mongol Empire following the death of Genghis Khan?

Responses

A

The collapse of the Byzantine Empire

B

The development of khanates in Central Asia

C

The spread of Islam into East Asia

D

Increased trade between Africa and Asia

B

Which of the following characterized the trans-Saharan trade by 1250 C.E.?

Responses

A

The bulk of the trade consisted of low-priced commodities.

B

Muslim merchants dominated the trade.

C

European Christians became directly involved in the trade.

D

Most trade was carried by horse rather than by people.

B

The Little Ice Age, which lasted from 1300 to 1850 C.E., likely had the strongest effect on which of the following?

Responses

A

The fall of the Aztec civilization

B

The Protestant Reformation

C

The severity of the Black Death

D

The Ottoman conquest of Constantinople

C

Which of the following factors contributed the most to Omani traders' ability to undertake the voyages depicted on the maps?

Responses

A

The strong backing for the voyages by the Caliphate

B

Navigational and maritime innovations, such as the astrolabe and lateen sail

C

The spread of Arabic as the language of commerce in the Mediterranean, Red Sea, and western Indian Ocean basins

D

Innovations in agriculture, such as the qanat and the noria, which allowed the Omani population to increase rapidly

B

The particular routes and timings of the voyages depicted on the maps best reflect which of the following characteristics of Omani merchants?

Responses

A

Their Islamic ritual observances, which made travel difficult during the fasting period of Ramadan

B

Their advanced knowledge of Indian Ocean currents and monsoon wind patterns

C

Their need to avoid the routes traveled by the faster and better-armed Portuguese trading ships

D

Their control of the sources of grain needed by Chinese and East African cities

B

Angkor Wat in Southeast Asia built circa 1100 C.E., shown above, reflects which of the following world historical processes?

Responses

A

Increased domination of East Asia and Southeast Asia by Arab powers

B

The increase in the number of Chinese merchant communities in the Indian Ocean region

C

The introduction of Islam across most of Asia

D

Increased cross-cultural interactions in the Indian Ocean region

D

Ibn Battuta traveled widely across the Middle East, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Africa in the fourteenth century. His travels serve as evidence for the

Responses

A

unifying influence of Islam

B

excellent condition of roads in Africa and Asia

C

political unity of Africa and Asia

D

widespread use of paper money

A

Malian Emperor Mansa Musa's pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324 can best be understood in the context of which of the following?

Responses

A

The expansion of Islam throughout Afro-Eurasia

B

The development of new transportation technologies

C

The diffusion of African culture to the Middle East

D

The territorial expansion of West African empires

A

Which of the following statements is accurate about the Mongols during the 1200s and 1300s?

Responses

A

The Mongols suppressed Islamic and Buddhist religious practices.

B

The Mongols facilitated the diffusion of many Chinese inventions.

C

The Mongols led successful naval invasions of Japan.

D

The Mongols conquered Constantinople.

B

Historians who argue that there was substantial global integration by the end of the thirteenth century would most likely cite which of the following as evidence to support their claims?

Responses

A

The political unification of large territories under imperial rule in the Mediterranean and East Asia

B

The widening and deepening of exchange networks linking Afro-Eurasia after the Mongol conquests

C

The spread of global capitalism from Europe to Africa and Southeast Asia

D

The creation of a new Atlantic trade system based on plantation economies in the Caribbean and the Americas

B

The expansion of the Mongol Empire most directly led to which of the following political developments in Afro-Eurasia?

Responses

A

The spread of feudalism to western Europe, as the Mongol conquests greatly weakened centralized monarchies

B

The expansion of the Mali Empire in West Africa, as the Mongol conquests destroyed the Abbasid Caliphate

C

The collapse of previously existing states, such as the Song dynasty of China

D

The adoption of Islamic systems of rule by Turkic states in the Middle East, such as the Seljuq Empire

C

Which of the following best describes an effect of the establishment of the Mongol Empire upon Silk Road long distance trade?

Responses

A

The Silk Road trade declined because the Mongol merchants preferred to use maritime long-distance trade networks instead.

B

The Silk Road trade increased because the Mongol conquests helped connect more regions of Eurasia economically and commercially.

C

The Silk Road trade was not affected by the Mongol conquests because the tribal and nomadic nature of Mongol society meant that Mongol demand for luxury goods was virtually nonexistent.

D

The Silk Road trade collapsed following the Mongol conquests because most trading cities along the Silk Roads were destroyed and never recovered.

B

The purpose of Ibn Battuta's account was most likely to

Responses

A

glorify himself by exaggerating the influence he had obtained over local rulers in Southeast Asia

B

warn Muslim merchants that China was beginning to dominate commerce in the Indian Ocean

C

encourage fellow Muslims in North Africa to participate more in maritime commerce

D

inform his audience about the cultural, political, and economic characteristics of the places he visited

D

Ibn Battuta's claim in the second paragraph that the ceremony that he observed at the court of the sultan of Sumatra was similar to a ceremony that he had seen at the court of the Delhi sultan in India is most likely understood in the context of which of the following developments in the Indian Ocean region in the period 1200-1450 ?

Responses

A

Expanding trade facilitated increased tolerance of the traditions of other religious groups.

B

Cultural exchange emerged from competition among maritime empires.

C

Increasing cross-cultural interactions facilitated the spread of cultural traditions.

D

Cultural exchange emerged from new patterns of regional commerce.

C

The changes in the distribution of cities in the period 1200 to 1400 C.E. best support which of the following conclusions?

Responses

A

The Mongol conquests had a more disruptive impact on the Middle East and Central Asia than they had on East Asia.

B

The emergence of the Ottoman Empire significantly increased the percentage of major urban centers in Europe.

C

The adoption of Champa rice during the Song dynasty significantly increased the share of China's urban population.

D

The outbreaks of bubonic plague greatly reduced urban populations across Eurasia.

A

Which of the following was a major cause for the growth of cities throughout Afro-Eurasia from 800 C.E. to 1350 C.E.?

Responses

A

The spread of mercantilism

B

The decline in epidemic diseases

C

The rise of interregional commerce

D

The decreasing need for agricultural workers

C

Which of the following is true of commerce in the Indian Ocean during the time period 1000-1450?

Responses

A

Chinese merchants dominated the trade routes of the Indian Ocean.

B

There was very little commercial activity in the Indian Ocean.

C

Merchants from Europe dominated the trade routes of the Indian Ocean.

D

Following the rise of the Mongols during the thirteenth century, the volume of Indian Ocean commerce fell sharply.

E

Indian Ocean commerce flourished and was conducted by a mixture of Asian, Middle Eastern, and East African merchants.

E

The expansion of communication and trade networks in Afro-Eurasia from 600 C.E. to 1450 C.E. resulted in the spread of which of the following from South Asia?

Responses

A

Military weaponry, such as iron-tipped spears and chariots

B

Technological and scientific concepts, such as the decimal and zero

C

Irrigation technologies, such as ceramic pipes

D

Textile manufacturing processes, such as the spinning jenny

B

Trade spurred the introduction of both Islam and Hinduism to what is now called

Responses

A

Japan

B

Brazil

C

Pakistan

D

Indonesia

E

Saudi Arabia

D

Which of the following did the Mongol armies fail to conquer, and why?

Responses

A

Kievan Russia, because the Mongols were unable to endure the harsh Russian winters

B

The 'Abbasid Caliphate, because the defenders flooded the Mesopotamian plains and made them impassable for the Mongol cavalry

C

Central Asia, because of the effective diplomacy of Timur and his successors

D

The Southern Song Empire, because of its superior resources from earlier industrial and commercial revolutions

E

Japan, because severe storms aided the experienced Japanese naval forces

E

The passage by al-Khatib is best understood in the context of which of the following?

Responses

A

The continuing endemic presence of malaria in the Mediterranean

B

The spread of the Black Death in the aftermath of the Mongol conquests

C

The spread of syphilis in Spain as a result of increased contacts with the Western Hemisphere

D

The increase in diseases associated with improvements in diet and longevity

B

The outbreaks of plague described in the passage led most directly to which of the following?

Responses

A

The decline of many major cities across Eurasia

B

The conquest of Eurasia by Central Asian nomadic peoples

C

The Spanish and Portuguese voyages of exploration to find new trade routes to Asia

D

The increased development of mechanical labor-saving devices for industrial production

A

The system of thought demonstrated by al-Khatib suggests he was most influenced by which of the following?

Responses

A

New understandings of the natural world during the Enlightenment

B

Daoist understandings of the balance between humans and nature

C

Greek and Roman philosophical principles of logic and empirical observation

D

Arab interactions with Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians in the pre-Islamic era

C

The photograph above of a mosque (first erected in the fourteenth century) in the modern-day West African country of Mali best exemplifies which of the following historical processes?

Responses

A

Imposition of religion through military conquest

B

Spread of religion along trade routes

C

Abandonment of indigenous cultural styles in the face of colonization

D

Conflict between local and universalizing religions

D

Which of the following best describes a way in which the table illustrates how an emphasis on wheat cultivation in Europe affected the total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops there compared with the rice-producing regions of China and India between 1200 and 1300 ?

Responses

A

The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops in Europe increased at the same rate that the total amount of land devoted to agricultural crops in China and India declined.

B

The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops in China, India, and Europe remained relatively stable.

C

The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops declined in all three regions.

D

The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops increased considerably in Europe and declined in China and India.

D

Which of the following accurately describes the Mongol Empire's role in facilitating trans-Eurasian trade?

Responses

A

It imposed Mongol religious beliefs and practices on conquered peoples.

B

It reestablished the Silk Roads between East Asia and Europe.

C

It created a self-contained economic system by banning non-Mongol merchants from its territories.

D

It developed a sophisticated bureaucracy staffed by talented Mongols.

B

Which of the following was the most important factor in the spread of the bubonic plague in Eurasia?

Responses

A

The Mongol expansion from central Asia to China, eastern Europe, and the Middle East

B

The consolidation of western European monarchies

C

The spread of Buddhism from central Asia to China

D

The population decline and the outbreak of peasant revolts in eastern Europe

A

The lines on the map above illustrate which of the following?

Responses

A

Spread of Hinduism

B

Spread of Christianity

C

Extent of trade routes

D

Seasonal migrations of nomads

C

In the period 600 C.E. to 1450 C.E., merchant diaspora communities, such as those of Muslims in India, Chinese in Southeast Asia, and Jews in the Mediterranean, had which of the following in common?

Responses

A

They generally imposed their own languages on the local communities.

B

They generally became military outposts that facilitated the expansion of empires.

C

They generally lost touch with their homelands and merged with the local population.

D

They generally introduced their own cultural practices into the local cultures.

D

Which of the following best explains why trade along the trans-Saharan trade networks increased in the period 1200-1450 ?

Responses

A

Innovations in previously existing transportation technologies, such as the caravan, allowed merchants to carry larger loads and protect themselves.

B

The introduction of new commercial technologies, such as the compass, made it easier for merchants to find their destinations in the desert.

C

The expansion of banking houses made it easier for merchants to fund their commercial activities.

D

Increasing literacy rates allowed merchants to develop more complex business partnerships.

A

Which of the following best explains an effect of the expansion of the Mali Empire on the trans-Saharan trade networks?

Responses

A

It led to an increase in trade by imposing the merchant-friendly religion of Islam on its subjects.

B

It expanded commerce by establishing maritime as well as overland connections with the Swahili states of East Africa.

C

It facilitated commercial growth by expanding the number of people participating in the trade networks.

D

It expanded commercial activity by promoting scientific and cultural exchange.

C

Which of the following was the major contributing factor to the spread of the plague to Cairo, Beijing, and Florence in the fourteenth century?

Responses

A

Indian Ocean trade routes connecting South Asia to China, Southeast Asia, and Europe

B

Trade along the Mongol road system across Central Asia

C

The collapse of the Abbasid caliphate

D

African trade routes connecting sub-Saharan Africa with Asia and Europe

B

Which of the following contributed most directly to an increase in trade along the routes on the map?

Responses

A

The expansion of empires such as Mali in West Africa

B

The expansion of the Mongol Empire across Eurasia

C

The start of the Protestant Reformation in western Europe

D

The completion of the Christian Reconquista of Spain

A

Which of the following factors represents the most significant cause of the growth of cities in Afro-Eurasia in the period 1000-1450 ?

Responses

A

Climate change

B

Increased interregional trade

C

Decreased agricultural productivity

D

Increased invasions

B

Which of the following is an accurate statement about the Mongol Empire?

Responses

A

It attempted to impose Mongol religious beliefs and practices on conquered peoples.

B

It reestablished the Silk Road between East Asia and Europe.

C

It attempted to create a self-contained economic system by banning all merchants from non-Mongol territories.

D

It developed a sophisticated bureaucracy staffed by talented Mongols.

E

It established and maintained clear rules of succession that insured the unity of the empire.

B

During the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, territories under Mongol control benefited from which of the following?

Responses

A

Widespread adoption of Confucian family hierarchies

B

Trade that facilitated the spread of Christianity throughout the Indian Ocean region

C

Trade that tied several distinct regional networks together

D

Widespread adoption of Buddhist religious practices

C

Which of the following is true of the expeditions of Chinese Admiral Zheng He in the early 1400s?

Responses

A

He wished to find a new route to Europe in order to participate in European trade.

B

He sailed to ports on the Indian Ocean coastline, including those in East Africa.

C

He crossed the Indian Ocean but did not land on the African coast.

D

He explored unknown regions and seas, though his ships were tiny and supplies inadequate.

E

He avoided contact with overseas Chinese communities.

B

Which of the following societies engaged in extensive maritime trade well beyond their borders in the fifteenth century?

Responses

A

Mesoamericans in the Pacific Ocean

B

Bantu peoples in the Indian Ocean

C

Chinese in the Indian Ocean

D

Russians in the Pacific Ocean

C

Which of the following lists three places Ibn Battuta, the fourteenth-century Muslim traveler, visited?

Responses

A

The Arabian Peninsula, Iraq, and Japan

B

The Arabian Peninsula, France, and India

C

India, Mali, and Persia

D

India, Persia, and Poland

E

England, Iraq, and Mali

C

Which of the following was the most important factor in the spread of Islam in Southeast Asia in the period circa 1250-1500 C.E.?

Responses

A

The religious zeal of Muslim soldiers willing to die to spread Islam

B

The activities of Muslim traders and Sufi missionaries

C

The relative lack of interest in Islam among Hindus and Buddhists

D

Muslim rulers' policy of toleration of all religions practiced in their realms

B

The illustration would be most useful to a historian studying which of the following?

Responses

A

Transportation and maritime technologies

B

Large-scale trading organizations

C

Geographic patterns of currents and winds in the Indian Ocean

D

The expansion of the Umayyad Caliphate

A

Which of the following best describes the primary purpose of the travel depicted in the illustration?

Responses

A

To convert peoples of other faiths to Islam

B

To create diasporic merchant communities

C

To recruit soldiers for the Caliphate

D

To bind diverse communities to a common tradition

D

The first paragraph most directly illustrates how increasing regional interactions led to which of the following developments in the Indian Ocean in the period 1200-1450?

Responses

A

The establishment of diasporic merchant communities

B

The establishment of new trading cities

C

The introduction of new cultural traditions

D

The emergence of syncretic belief systems

C

Between 200 B.C.E. and 1450 C.E., the Silk Roads linked which of the following?

Responses

A

The Indian Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean

B

North Africa and western Europe

C

East Asia and the Mediterranean Sea

D

The Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea

C

The Mongol conquests of much of Eurasia in the thirteenth century tended to encourage trade along the Silk Roads primarily by

Responses

A

opening large new markets for both European and East Asian goods in Central Asia

B

increasing the demand for military supplies needed by the Mongol armies that occupied various regions

C

decreasing the risk of bandit attacks and reducing the number of local rulers collecting tribute from trade caravans

D

discouraging seaborne trade along the Indian Ocean routes that competed with the Silk Roads

C

Which of the following most directly contributed to the decline of Eurasian urban populations during the fourteenth century?

Responses

A

Climate change

B

Epidemic disease

C

Religious wars

D

Regional migration

B

The burial depicted in the image most likely resulted from the spread of which of the following?

Responses

A

Spanish influenza

B

Malaria

C

Smallpox

D

Bubonic plague

D

Which of the following best explains why, in the mid fourteenth century, events of the type depicted in the image were more common in urban areas of Afro-Eurasia than in rural or mountainous regions?

Responses

A

The disease principally spread along trade routes, and most commerce occurred in urban areas.

B

People in rural and mountainous regions had greater access to natural medicines that could fight the disease.

C

People in rural and mountainous regions were better able to flee to the safety of their lords' castles.

D

The disease principally spread among religious missionaries, and most missionaries traveled to cities.

A

The mortality depicted in the image most directly contributed to which of the following changes in Europe in the late fourteenth and fifteenth centuries?

Responses

A

The end of feudalism

B

The decline of serfdom

C

The collapse of the Byzantine Empire

D

The Protestant Reformation

B

Which of the following contributed to the Chinese government's decision to stop voyages of exploration in the Indian Ocean in the early fifteenth century?

Responses

A

Armed resistance from Arab navies

B

Lack of sufficient Chinese goods for trade

C

The destruction of the Chinese fleet by typhoons

D

Government concern with domestic problems and frontier security

E

Fear of the spread of the plague to China

D

The commercial practices shown in the images emerged in order to

Responses

A

facilitate the development of regional trade networks by creating uniform currencies and systems of credit.

B

finance imperial conquests by supplying credit and currency for purchasing weapons.

C

facilitate a growing trade in luxury goods by providing greater access to credit and currency.

D

finance transnational Chinese artisan businesses across Eurasia by diversifying sources of credit and currency.

C

The map above indicates that

Responses

A

Mali was a major source and hub of the gold trade

B

Europeans had begun to make inroads in West Africa

C

Mali remained isolated from Europe and the Middle East

D

Atlantic ports were crucial for the transportation of salt and gold

A

Before 1450 C.E. which of the following is true of sub-Saharan Africa's commercial economy?

Responses

A

Phoenician merchants controlled most of the long-distance trade of sub-Saharan Africa.

B

The Mali—Great Zimbabwe trade route dominated the economy of sub-Saharan Africa.

C

Sub-Saharan Africa exported gold to the Middle East and Europe.

D

The Sahara Desert prevented sub-Saharan traders from participating in long-distance trade.

C

Which of the following best explains the continuity in the trade routes between East Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and India as shown on the maps?

Responses

A

Trade along the routes depended on the activities of Chinese merchants.

B

Trade along the routes relied on sailors' knowledge of the monsoon winds.

C

Trade along the routes depended on silver from the Americas.

D

Trade along the routes relied on sailors' knowledge of longitude from classical maps.

B

The maritime trade connections involving East Africa shown on Map 1 provided a setting for which of the following developments?

Responses

A

The emergence of commercial credit through banks

B

The development of the compass

C

The spread of Islam

D

The appearance of social structures privileging men over women

C

The trade networks described by the two sources were most strongly influenced by

Responses

A

increased Asian demand for food imports

B

increased European demand for luxury goods

C

increased Chinese maritime activity in the Indian Ocean

D

increased demand for precious metals within European colonies in the Americas

B

The map above shows which of the following empires at its greatest extent?

Responses

A

The empire of Alexander the Great

B

The Mongol Empire

C

The Russian Empire

D

The Byzantine Empire

E

The Ottoman Empire

B

Which of the following best describes Middle Eastern trade in the period 1000 to 1450 ?

Responses

A

A unified Islamic Empire eliminated all internal tariffs and encouraged trade.

B

The area was engaged in regular trade with China, India, and sub-Saharan Africa.

C

The Ottoman Empire drained the resources of the area in the Empire's war with India.

D

The Byzantine Empire and the Russian Empire controlled trade in the area.

E

The area ceased trading with Europe but continued trading with sub-Saharan Africa.

B

Which of the following was most responsible for the initial spread of Islam to West Africa?

Responses

A

Soldiers who fought on behalf of the Abbasid caliphate

B

Officials in Sudanese empires

C

Merchants on the trans-Saharan trade routes

D

Muslims fleeing persecution on the Iberian peninsula

C