SOC 224 Chapter 9

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beliefs

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anything that you personally think is true, regardless of if its actually true or not

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Belief systems

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Organized sets of interrelated beliefs.

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34 Terms

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beliefs

anything that you personally think is true, regardless of if its actually true or not

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Belief systems

Organized sets of interrelated beliefs.

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examples of belief systems

  • religious doctrines (christian, islamic)

  • ideologies of specific political parties (liberals, new democrats)

  • assumptions about the natural and social world within various disciplines of science (sociology, zoology)

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belief system AS deviance

When acts of deviance occur within groups of people who adhere to particular belief systems or when an entire belief system itself is socially typed as deviant

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Belief systems as social typers of deviance

wherein the truths proclaimed by belief systems dictate to us who should be considered deviant and what the consequences should or will be.

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religion as deviance

Deviant acts that occur within accepted religions, or religious belief systems that are socially typed as deviant.

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Ecclesia

State religions that are sanctioned by the government and adopted as a nation's official religion. Islam is an ecclesia in Iran

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churches

Religious groups, usually large and powerful, that are well established in society and highly bureaucratized. Islam, Judaism, Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Christianity are all categorized as churches

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Denominations

Religious subgroups of larger churches. ex. different types of christianity like catholicism

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Sects

Smaller religious groups that have usually broken away from larger churches and that have more rigid doctrine and higher levels of commitment required of members. (ex. clothing, behaviours, food) groups would be like the amish or Hutterites as they are sects that are offshoots of the larger christian church

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Cults

Small religious groups characterized by a highly oppositional and reactionary doctrine; extremely high levels of commitment required of members; and a single, charismatic leader. (ex. Nxivm)

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3 factors that determine the levels of tension experienced by a particular sect against wider society

  1. the magnitude of the differences between sect and society

  2. the level of antagonism that the sect feels for society

  3. the extent to which the sect separates itself from the larger world.

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deviancy amplification

The process by which a deviantized group becomes more extreme as a response to hostilities or social control efforts from outsiders.

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anti-cult movement

Individuals who educate people about dangerous or destructive cults and attempt to control their activities by lobbying governments and other organizations.

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counter-cult movement

Certain Christian groups that express concerns about other religious groups they consider to be based on "wrong" theologies.

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5 ways the cult narrative is framed in media

  1. distinctive clothing

  2. isolated areas

  3. living in communes

  4. beliefs portrayed as delusional

  5. groups peculiarities made highly visible

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new religious movements

A term used by some scholars in place of the terms sect or cult.

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minority religious groups

A term used by some scholars in place of the terms sect or cult, referring to any religious groups outside of the dominant one(s) in society.

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residential schooling

A policy of the Canadian government that removed Indigenous children from their communities and placed them in boarding schools run by various Christian churches.

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child-savers movement

During the Victorian era, middle-class church groups who thought it was the state's responsibility to provide a moral environment for children whose parents were unwilling or unable to do so. Another example of religious belief systems influencing political belief systems.

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social gospel

A theology that informed the work of the child-savers movement during the Victorian era, whereby Christian principles were applied in real-world settings to solve social problems. Ex. providing humanitarian aid to the less fortunate was seen as a way to achieve salvation.

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science

knowledge or a system of knowledge covering general truths of the operation of general laws especially as obtained and tested through scientific method

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two categories of belief systems in the sciences

  1. claims about the nature of reality, the way the world works

  2. ethical and moral claims embedded in the scientific belief system.

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scientific misconduct

an umbrella term referring to practices deemed unacceptable because they intentionally manipulate research outcomes. Ex. fabrication, falsification, plagiarism.

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questionable research practice

is not necessarily wrongful but does 'raise questions. Ex. ethical violations, poor data management, conclusions not supported by results

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1974 Patchwork Mouse Incident

This incident involved a researcher who claimed to have grafted skin from a black mouse onto a white mouse but had actually drawn patches on the white mouse using a black marker

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retraction

occurs when a scientific journal publishes an announcement indicating that a previously published article should be disregarded by readers.

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bad apple/bad person theory

A theory that claims acts of scientific misconduct are rare. Just a few "bad" people commit crimes because of psychological disturbances, personality factors, or free choice.

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Iceberg Theory

A theory that claims the acts of scientific misconduct that are detected are only a small proportion of all of the instances of misconduct that are actually occurring. This theory claims that scientific deviance is far more common than we think and those scientists whose misconduct is detected are "just the tip of the iceberg"

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how are most cases of misconduct discovered?

whistleblowing by colleagues and collaborators.

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mode of adaptation called innovation (Mertons strain theory)

the gap between legitimized goals and access to the legitimate means of attaining those goals leads some people to pursue those goals in "innovative" ways. Ex. some scientists who want successful careers will engage in misconduct rather than obtain it legitimately

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self-control theory

According to Gottfredson and Hirschi, when low self-control is combined with an environment in which co-workers are engaging in deviance and being rewarded, the pull towards deviance may be greater

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post-academic science

The predominance of scientific research in commercial centres rather than university environments, and therefor outside of university regulations governing research

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ghostwriting

Secretly authoring a document that is credited to someone else. Industry public relations company or medical communications company writes the research article and then scientists within academia are paid to have their names listed as the authors