EXAM #2 Monkeys

Dental formula for lemurs and Madagascar strepsirrhines

2:1:3:3

Black-and-white ruffed lemur

Varecia variegata, social, multi-female groups, arboreal quadrupedal.

Mongoose lemur

Eulemur mongoz, pair-bonds or small groups, arboreal quadrupedal.

Ring-tailed lemur

Lemur catta, female-dominant troops, terrestrial + arboreal quadrupedal.

Mouse lemur

Microcebus spp., solitary or small family groups, arboreal quadrupedal.

Indri

Indri indri, small family groups, vertical clinging & leaping.

Sifaka

Propithecus spp., group-living, cohesion via leaps.

Aye-aye

Daubentonia madagascariensis, nocturnal, arboreal scramble with specialized percussive foraging.

Dental formula for Lorisiformes

2:1:3:3

Slow loris

Nycticebus spp., solitary or small family groups, slow arboreal quadrupedal.

Slender loris

Loris spp., solitary, nocturnal elm-centered, slow arboreal quadrupedal.

Potto

Perodicticus potto, solitary/nocturnal, arboreal quadrupedal.

Golden potto

Arctocebus spp., nocturnal, solitary, arboreal clinging.

Bushbaby

Galago spp., solitary or loose social networks, vertical clinging & leaping.

Tarsiers

Tarsius spp., nocturnal, small family groups or solitary.

Dental formula for New World monkeys

2:1:3:2

Geoffroy's tamarin

Saguinus geoffroyi, group living, cooperative care.

Pygmy marmoset

Cebuella pygmaea, small family groups, territorial.

Emperor tamarin

Saguinus imperator, group-living, cooperative care.

Golden lion tamarin

Leontopithecus rosalia, family groups, cooperative care.

Squirrel monkey

Saimiri spp., large multi-male/multi-female groups.

Owl/night monkey

Aotus spp., monogamous or small family groups, nocturnal.

Capuchin monkeys

Cebus spp., tool use in some populations.

Howler monkey

Alouatta spp., folivorous, groups often 5–15, loud long-distance calls.

Spider monkey

Ateles spp., frugivorous, use prehensile tail as 5th limb.

Woolly spider monkey/muriqui

Brachyteles spp., large social groups.

Woolly monkey

Lagothrix spp., group-living, frugivorous.

Uakari

Cacajao spp., small to moderate groups, specialized diet.

Titi monkeys

Callicebus/Plecturocebus spp., monogamous pairs with strong pair bonds.

Dental formula for Old World monkeys

2:1:2:3

Vervet monkey

Chlorocebus pygerythrus, multi-male multi-female groups.

Baboons

Papio spp., large multi-male multi-female troops.

Gelada

Theropithecus gelada, large multi-level societies.

Mandrill

Mandrillus sphinx, large groups, strong sexual dimorphism.

Drill

Mandrillus leucophaeus, troop living, terrestrial tendencies.

Black mangabey

Lophocebus aterrimus, forest-dwelling groups.

Red-capped mangabey

Cercocebus torquatus, social forest groups.

Patas monkey

Erythrocebus patas, terrestrial, fast runners.

Barbary macaque

Macaca sylvanus, multi-male multi-female troops.

Rhesus macaque

Macaca mulatta, highly adaptable, synanthropic.

Bonnet macaque

Macaca radiata, multi-male multi-female troops.

Crab-eating macaque

Macaca fascicularis, urbanized populations.

Celebes macaque

Macaca nigra, multi-male multi-female groups.

Japanese macaque

Macaca fuscata, famous hot-spring use.

Black-and-white colobus

Colobus guereza, multi-male multi-female groups.

Red colobus

Procolobus/Piliocolobus spp., specialized leaf diets.

Leaf monkeys

Presbytis/Semnopithecus/Trachypithecus spp., folivorous.

Golden monkey

Rhinopithecus roxellana, multi-level societies.

Dental formula for apes

2.1.2.3

Hylobatids

Gibbons, pair-bonded or small family groups.

Siamang

Symphalangus syndactylus, larger with loud calls.

Bornean orangutan

Pongo pygmaeus, semi-solitary and tool user.

Sumatran orangutan

Pongo abelii, arboreal and solitary.

Chimpanzee

Pan troglodytes, fission-fusion communities.

Bonobo

Pan paniscus, female-centered societies.

Gorilla

Gorilla gorilla/G. beringei, one-male multi-female groups.

Humans

Homo sapiens, complex societies and habitual bipedalism.