Unit 1 - Physical Growth and Development

What does status mean?

stage of maturity someone is at pre/post puberty

What are some examples of status?

physical size, maturation, performance levels

What does progress mean?

rate of development

What is an example of progress?

how fast a child grows in weight/height

Is rate of change constant or variable?

variable

When is rate of change crucial?

during development

What does comparison mean?

showing of data between others

What does prediction mean?

guessing something

What is an example of comparison?

height between peers

What is an example of prediction?

abnormalities

What does physical performance goals mean?

how realistic physical performance goals are

What does physical activity mean?

best age/time to train children

What are the 4 things that are relevant to growth/development?

• status

• progress

• comparison/prediction

• physical activity/performance

What are examples of practical applications?

• maturity related behaviour

• individual developmental readiness

• response to performance pressures

• sex differences

• maturational considerations

• skill development

• safety issues

• sensitive/critical periods

What does maturity related behaviour mean?

what the child’s stage looks like physically, psychologically, and socially

What is an example of maturity related behaviour?

a child that is 11 years old acts like a 6 year old

What does individual developmental readiness mean?

the child being prepared for whatever will come at their age

What is an example of individual developmental readiness?

a child born in January will be more prepared to start school than a child born in December

What does response to performance pressures mean?

how children respond to playing sports under certain bands/directions

What is an example of response to performance pressures?

not keeping score in a game for children under the age of 12 (focus on enjoyment)

What does sex difference mean?

the different abilities physically, psychologically, and socially between sexes

What is an example of sex differences?

girls hit puberty before boys do

What does bio banding mean?

having a maturity band instead of a biological band

What type of advantage does bio banding have?

theoretical

What does maturational considerations mean?

keeping children in a similar group even with different maturity levels

What does skill development mean?

timing and sequences of teaching in components

What does safety/liability issues mean?

making sure there is physically and environmentally a good spot for children to experience activities

What is an example of safety issues?

maintaining contact/violence before a certain age

What does sensitive/critical periods mean?

things that need to happen at a specific age or there will be consequences later

What is an example of a critical period?

learning stages

When can bone mass be grown?

during the growing period

Does bone always grow throughout life?

no

Does the rate of bone growth increase or decrease with time?

decrease

Is bone maintained after the growing period?

yes

What are common research challenges with children?

• ethical

• methodological issues

• variability

• generalizability

What is an example of ethical challenges?

needing consent for invasive techniques

What are examples of methodological issues?

• different maturation stages

• different body sizes (specifically muscle)

• different attention spans than adults

What is an example of generalizability?

difficulty to make conclusions with different ages/genders

What some examples of variability?

• all children are different

• needing more child testing to come to conclusions

What are the 2 types of study designs?

• cross sectional

• longitudinal

What is cross sectional study design?

comparing 2 or more group

What is an advantage of cross sectional studies?

efficient and not costly

What is a disadvantage of cross sectional studies?

cannot see genetic differences

What is longitudinal study design?

a study over a long period of time

What is an advantage of longitudinal studies?

can see change over time and reduces variability

What is a disadvantage of longitudinal studies?

costly and not very efficient, also potential dropouts from study

What are plastic processes of development?

• nutrition

• childhood disease

• physical activity

• environmental stress

What does ‘plastic’ mean?

the ability to change

Does everyone have the same reaction to plastic processes?

no

Why does everyone react differently to plastic processes?

biological variation due to everyone’s individual genes

What do factors interact with

genes

What are 2 things that a part of development?

growth and maturation

What type of aspect is growth?

physical

What type of aspect is maturation?

functional

What age is prenatal?

conception to birth

What age is infancy?

birth to 2 years

What age is childhood?

2 years to 12 years

What age is adolescence for females?

11 years to 18 years

What age is adolescence for males?

13 years to 18 years

What age is adulthood?

over 18 years

What age group goes through puberty?

adolescence

What age group are children clinically?

under 18 years

What age group are children medically?

before puberty

What does hyperplasia mean?

increase in cell number

What does hypertrophy mean?

increase in cell size

What does accretion mean?

increase in intercellular substance (mainly with bone growth)

When does hyperplasia mainly occur?

early in development (prenatal/infancy)

When does hypertrophy mainly occur?

after hyperplasia

What is the distance curve?

change in height over age

What is the velocity curve?

change in rate of height over age

What is this a photo of?

distance curve

What is this a photo of?

velocity curve

What is developed within the first 2 weeks of prenatal?

egg

What is developed between weeks 2-8 of prenatal?

embryo

What is developed between weeks 9-40 of prenatal?

fetus

What happens during the egg stage?

cell division and differentiation

What happens during the embryo stage?

cell number and differentiation

What happens during the fetus stage?

cell size and mass

During which prenatal stage are organ systems formed but not functional?

embryo

During which prenatal stage are organ systems formed and functional?

fetus

Is fetal growth linear?

no

When does mass increase in pregnancy?

late in pregnancy

Are proportion changes immediate?

no

What is the major change in the fetus?

head

What sex is more active in the fetus?

male

How long does it take the heart to develop?

4 weeks

How long does it take the limbs to develop?

6-9 weeks

How long does it take reflexes to develop?

36 weeks

What can affect fetal activity?

motherly environment

What is a strong indicator of newborn and maternal health?

birth weight

What happens when there is a low birth weight?

increased risk of diseases

What happens when there is low physical activity as a child?

it decreases even more throughout adulthood

What does alcohol affect prenatally?

nervous system

What factors affect prenatal growth and development?

• nutrition

• smoking

• alcohol

• sex

• caffeine

• recreational drugs

What affects exercise capability?

gestational and post natal undernutrition

What does smoking affect in a baby?

size and cognitive activity

What does SES stand for?

socioeconomic stress

How much physical activity is recommended when pregnant?

more than 150 minutes

What is the difference from pre and post natal growth?

• final size

• rate of growth

Are growth rates the same between all individuals?

no