Micro Exam 1

Define Microbiology

The study of Living organisms that are too small to be seen by the human eye

Define Prokaryotic cells

Cells whos chromosomes are not containd within a nucleus

Define Eukaryotic cells

Cells whos chromsomes that are contained within a nucleus

Define Archea

Organisms that live in extreme enviroments and they do not cause human diesease

Viruses do not have a_____

Cellular structure

Define Plasma Membrane

The flexible outer covering of a cell

Define Cytoplasm

A highly organized water based inside of a cell

Define Ribosomes

Machines used byt the cell to make proteins

Define Chromosomes

Genetic info stored by the molecule (DNA)

Fungi Protozoa and heminths are all…..

Euakaryotic microboes

Arrange Prokaryotes Eukaryotes and Viruses by size smallest to biggest

Viruses-Prokaryotic-Eukaryotic

What shape are prokaryotes typically?

Circular

In prokaryotes the nucleus is found floating in….

A reigon of cytoplasm called the nucleiod

Define Supercoiling

When Chromosomes coling around themselves to find inside of a nucleus

Euakaryotes have…

Multiple chromosomes that are linear in shape

The DNA of eukaryotes are wrapped around….

Histones(Proteins)

The combination of DNA and Histones is called….

A nucleosome

Define Ribosome

A cellular structure that uses mRNA to make proteins

What are the 2 parts of a ribosome?

Small Subunit and Large Subunit

The Euakroyotic Ribosome is _____ than the prokaryoti one

Larger and more complex

Define a nucleus

Stores and protects chromosomes and makes mRNA

Define the rough ER

It recives newly made proteins from ribosomes, chemically modifies proteins

Define the Mitochondria

Major site of ATP creation

Define lysosomes

The breakdown and recycling of damged cel structures

Define Peroxisomes

Detoxification of the byproducts of chemical reactants and breakdown of fats into energy

Define Smooth ER

Stores calcium and makes fat based molecules

Define the golgi

Sends proteins from the Er to the other organelles and sends molecules into fluid outdide of the cell

Define external structures

Cell structires that sit outside of the plasma membrane(prokarotyets have alot eukaroytes have a little)

In Biology Bacteria are named and classified by there….

Shape and Arrangement of cells

Define Coccus(Cocci)

Bacterial that are spherical shaped

Define Bacillus(Bacili)

Bacteria that are rod shaped

Define Cells that are arranged in pairs are called….

Diplo

Define cells that are arranged in chains are called…

Chains

Define cells that are arranged in clusters like grapes…

Staphylo

Define cells that are side by side in arrangement of bacilli are called…

Palisades

What is the most important structure of bacteria

Bacteria cell wall

What are the 3 different types of bacteria cell walls?

Gram ± and acid fast

What does Gram stains allow us to do?

Identify which type of cell wall that they have

Bacteria that appear purple or blue are called….

Gram Positive

Bacteria that appear pink or red are called….

Gram Negative

Why do the gram stains absorb different dyes?

They all have a different chemical structure

Gram + cell walls are made of…

Peptidoglycan

Define Peptido

Protein

Define Glycan

Sugars

What is the function of Teichoric acid

Attach or stick to molecule on the surface of other cells

What are the 2 parts of Gram - cell walls

A thin layer of Peptidoglycan

A second plasma membrane called the outer membrane

Gram - have ____ instead of teichocic acid

A lipopolysacchride

Define Lipo

Part fat

Define Polysaccharide

Mostly sugar

The cell wall of bacteria provides…

Cell shape and cel structural integrity

The cell wall protects the cell against…

Physical damage

The cell wall allows bacteria to…

Stick to other cells

The cell wall protects bacteria from being..

Identified by the immune system

Gram stains are important because they…

Are critical to finding cause of infection and how to treat the infection

How does penicillin prevent bacteria from multiplying?

They prevent them from making peptidoglycan

Gram + bacteria are ____ to penicillin

very sensitive because they only have the 1 fatty layer

Gram - bacteria are _____ to penicillin

Very resistant

Define a Endotoxin

It is what is released into the body when gram negative cells die

Define Acid fast bacteria

They have walls with thick peptidoglycan layer but also have a fat based layer on top called mycotic acid which is like a thick wax

Acid fast bacteria appear____

Pink or red

Non acid fast bacteria appear____

Dark blue or purple

What is the most dangerous group of acid fast bacteria?

Mycobacteria

What makes acid fast bacterias so resistant to disinfection

The unique chemistry of their cell walls

What are the things that acid fast bacteria can resist

Dehydration by heat

Most water based cleaners

most typical antibiotics

Define Granuloma

a wall of tissue that forms when the immune system tries to destroy acid fast bacteria

Define Necrosis

When body tissue is cutoff from oxygen and it starts to die and decay

How is tuberculosis treated?

Antibiotics penetrate the waxy mycolic acid layer, it takes 3-6 months and is expensive and patients don’t comply.

Bacteria are very vulnerable to…

Being removed by physical forces or fluid flow beaucse they are very small

Define Adhesion structures

bacteria have developed these to stick to the surfaces of cells

Define Biofilm

When bacteria work together as a large community to adhere to a surface

Define Fimbriae

An adhesion structure made of protein that is air like(dozens/100s per cell)

Define adhesins

Proteins that allow bacteria to attach a to specific receptor proteins found on cell membranes

Define Pilus

Adheson structure made of protein but is very large and fewer than fimbrae, some have other functions than adhesion

Define Type 4 Pili

They allow bacteria to glide/move along surfaces

Define Conjugation pili

Allow bacteria to transfer plasmids from one cell to another

A conjugation pili forms a….

Hollow tube between cells which then plasmid dna transfers between them

Define Slime layers

An adhesion structure made of loosely packed and unorganized sugars(fuzzy on microscope image) they have a chemical stickiness

Define Capsules

Adhesion structure made of densely packed and organized sugars

Biofims are….

Entire communities

Define EPS

Extracellular polymeric substances, sticky mix of molecule that are the cells in a biofilm

What are the 2 big concerns for biofilms in the medical field?

Antibiotic resistance(They can’t get to the deeper layers of the biofilms)

Immune resistance(The immune system cannot kill the deeper layers)

Define Normal MicroBiota

Protective bacteria on the surface of your skin that does not cause disease, sometimes containing staph viruses

Any implanted medical device is a threat because…

It can be infected with staph empi which can grow into a biofilm when inside of the body

Define aseptic

A set of techniques used to keep medical devices sterile during implantation

Define a endospore

A internal structure made by bacteria that is the cells chromosome wrapped in several protective layers of protein, they are metaboliicly inactive and do not undergo cell division/make ATP

Endospores are considered

Dormant

Why do bacteria make endospores?

It is a way for them to hide when growth conditions are bad, they are made during cell divine, the cells have an option to do that instead

Endospores remain inside of the bacteria until they….

Die, this is when they are released

Define Germination

When the endospore conditions improve and the endospore revives and starts growing into a cell

What are the 2 bacterias that form most endospores??

Bacillius and Clostridium

What are the 3 types of eukaryotic microbes?

Fungus

Protists

Helminths

What is the study of Microbes?

Mycology

What is the study of Protists/Helminths?

Parasitology

Do all fungi make mushrooms?

No they are reproductive structures that only some fungi make

Define Mold form fungi

Cells are long and thread like and they grow in multicellular structures that are big enough to see with the eye

Define Yeast form fungi

Cells that are circular in shape that live in single cells or small arrangements like bacteria

Define Mycelium

The visible body of a mold

Define Hyphae

The vast number thin and threadlike structures that make up mycelium

Define Vegatative Hyphae

The root part of mold that is actively growing, it anchors mold in place and absorbs nutrients for the mold

Define Aerial Hyphae

Part of the hyphae that grows above the mycellium, usually into the air for reproduction