Chapter 4 BB

amnesia is the

inability to recall memories from the past, form new memories, or both

these two regions work with the cerebral cortex to form, organize and consolidate, retrieve memories

the hippocampus and para hippocampal regions

declaritive memory

facts, data, events-you can recall this and therefore “declare it”

two types of declarative memory

the two types of are semantic or episodic

semantic memory is

cultural knowledge, ideas, concepts you know about the world

episodic memories are

representation of personal experiences, sights, sounds, time, space and emotions

semantic memory invoels this brain region

medial temporal lobes

this type of memory involves cortical regions beyond hippocampus

amygdala does this

mediates emotional significance of memories of events and experiences

parahippocampus helps hippocampus in what

aids hippocamus in the “what” of episodic memories

working memory is

a temporary type of declarative memory. short term memory that keeps data needed for immediate future

there is _____ space for long term memorires

unlimited

LTP involves

an increase int he # of glutamine receptors on the post synaptic neuron

glutamate is the

most common transmitter in the mammalian nervous system

declaritive memories are enocoded in the ____ then sent to the ______ for long term storage and consolidation

hippocampus, frontal lobes

name 3 brain structures closely related to emotions

amygdala, insula(insular cortex) and pariaqueductal gray

classical condition is a type of ____ and is very dependent on the ____

learning, amygdala

insula receipts what

disgust, prevents you from eating spoiled food or poison

periaqueductal gray recepts

pain perception, stress responses.

receptors for pain reducing compounds (morphine and oxycodone) are clustered in the ______

periaqueductal gray

nuculus accumbus is involved in

cognnitive processing of awards and motivation

PFC (prefrontal cortex is active when

peole concentrate on keeping something in mind

neurons in the ____ fire ins spurts, keeping the information alive in the working memory as people concentrate on keeping something in mind

PFC

working memory is managed by the

PFC

non declaritive memory

memory stored without conscious effort, like speaking or riding a bike

motor skill learning involves these 3 areas of the brain

basal ganglia, PFC and cerebellum

synapses are

gaps across which neurons communicate via chemical and electrical signals

the ability of synapses to remodel themselves is

synaptic plasticity

this glutamate receptor and molecule are both important in formation of long term memories

cAMP and NMDA

these two processes important for synaptic plasticity

LTP and LTD

LTD

slows synapses effectiveness

LTP

improves synaptic strength

describe grid cells

“Grid cells,” don’t represent

particular locations. Located in the

entorhinal cortex, an area near the

hippocampus, they represent coor-

dinates that allow the brain to track

your position in space when land-

marks or external cues are absent.

describe place cells

So-called “place cells”

in the hippocampus light up as you

move through a familiar house or room,

or as a rat navigates a known maze.

type of memory that deals with locations, and is a type of declaritive memory

spatial memory

nondeclaritive memory also is called

implicit or procedural memory.

pre vs post synaptic neuron

pre sends, post receives

what did neuroscientists study to learn about synaptic plasticity

The sea slug, Aplysia californica

CREB stands for what

a molecule called cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB

LTP causes increase in synaptic strength, but in what region of brain mainly?

hippocampus

this process is important for long term memory consolidation- what is it?

LTP

what two classes of glutamate receptors are ion channels?

NMDA and AMPA

NMDA, an ion channel, allows what ions to flow into the cell one they’ve binded glutamate?

calcium ions

AMPA, an ion channel, allows what ions to flow into the cell one they’ve binded glutamate?

sodium ions

what ions function as second messengers?

calcium ions

define second messengers

signaling molecules

that set off a chain of molecular events

within cells

LTP boosts the concentration of ___ inside a postsynap-

tic cell, while LTD increases it to a lesser

degree.

fill in blank: calcium ions

the differing amount of calcium activate diff enzymes in LTP and LTD. what are they

kinase for LTP, phosphates for LTD

Research suggests

that, over time, the __

becomes less important for retrieving

older memories as the __

assumes that task.

hippocampus, frontal cortex

In LTP, a series of molecular events stabilizes the synaptic changes: The in-crease in calcium ions within the post-synaptic cell activates _____molecules.

cAMP

in LTP, when cAMP is activated, what does then that do for the synapse?

making

the synapse more sensitive to neu-

rotransmitter

neurotrophins do what

stimulate the growth of

the synapse and structural elements,

stabilizing increased sensitivity

to neurotransmitters.

summarize molecular cascade in LTP

• increase in calcium ions causes cAMP

• cAMP makes synapse more sensitive to nuerotrans.

• CREB switches on series of genes, of which direct protien syn.

• one of the protiens produced are neurotrophins, which stimulate growth of synapse, and stabilized increased sensitivity to neurotransmitters

the molecular cascade in LTP is crucial for memories to …

become long term!!

mesolimbic pathway is what, and connects what?

the reward pathway for dopamine, connects the mid-

brain’s ventral tegmental area (VTA) to

the nucleus accumbens.

. Researchers

at Vanderbilt University found that

“go-getters” who are more willing to

work hard have greater dopamine sig-

naling in the___— two areas known to impact

motivation and reward.

striatum and prefrontal

cortex

abberant circuitry leads to what?

inappropriate

aggression, a symptom of some neu-

ropsychiatric disorders

what encodes punishment by inhibiting dopamine release?

lateral habenula