📜IGCSE History- China (1900-1920) 🇨🇳

how many boxers were involved in the boxer uprising

around 100,000 to 300,000

who were the boxers fighting against

foreign imperialism (foreign devils)

How was the boxer uprising suppressed

the eight nation alliance and japan sent 54,000 troops to crush the uprising

when was the boxer uprising

20 June 1900

What was under the Boxer protocol?

• Pay 67 million pounds in reparation over 39 years

• Dismantle defensive forts (Taku)

• Foreign troops allowed to station in Beijing

Examples of Qing reforms

• abolishing of civil servant exams

• banning sale of opium

• assemblies in provinces set up

• set up schools for girls

• banned foot binding

when were civil service exams abolished

1905

when was foot binding banned

1902

when were assemblies set up in provinces? what was the limitation?

1909 but only 0.4% of the population could vote.

Key event that sparked the 1911 Xinhai revolution

10 October 1911 (Wuchang Uprising): seized control of governement and ammunition arsenal

Events of the Xinhai revolution

22 uprisings and heavy fighting against the qing.

15 provinces declared their independence from the Qing Dynasty in rapid succession.

what does sun yat sen do in 1905

Establishes the Tongmenghui (Revolutionary Alliance) in Tokyo, proposing his Three Principles of the People (Nationalism, Democracy, Livelihood).

When does emperor guangxu and empress dowager cixi die

1908

what does the qing do in from may to sep 1911 that led to widespread anger?

Railway Protection movement.

Nationalised railways to pay foreigners and handed control to them.

When did Puyi abdicate

12 February 1912

election results for GMD in 1912

Won almost 50% of seats in the lower house and 45% of seats in the upper house of the National Assembly. 

why does sun yat sen step down and give his role to YSK?

To prevent civil war, present national unity between north and south, ensure the abdication of puyi and to utilise YSK’s control of the powerful Beiyang Army.

what happens to a GMD candidate in march 1913?

Song Jiaoren is assassinated at a railway station, YSK highly suspected to have ordered the hit.

What happens in July–August 1913 (Second Revolution)

GMD governers revolt at YSK’s growing authority but failed to defeat the 80,000 soldiers sent by Yuan.

SYS exiled in Japan.

What unpopular things did YSK do?

• suspended the National Assembly and made himself president for the next 10 years

• he took out huge loans from foreign governments to solve China’s financial problems

3 main warlords

Zhang Zuolin, Sun Chuanfang, Wu Peifu

Limitations of warlords

only strong enough to control 1 or 2 provinces.

What did warlords do economically?

• seized tax revenue specifically from salt and use it to fund their private army

• bought modern weapons from foreign powers

• engaged in many civil wars eg. central plains war

what did the warlords do socially?

• raised taxes in their provinces to fund conflicts

• seized railways to transport their troops

• warlord troops often looted towns and villages, leaving peasants in extreme poverty

• destroyed crucial land and infrastructure

What did warlords militarily?

swear an oath of loyalty to them and not the govt.

The govt was weak and inefficient.

How many students in bejing protested at Tiananmen Square in may fourth movement 1919?

3000 students.

What did the may fourth movement students do to officials?

They marched to the house of a government official with close links to Japan and burned the house down.

They also attacked China’s minister to Japan, held more angry protests and strikes.

Slogans used in may fourth movement

Mr Science and Mr Democracy. 

Why were the students in may fourth movement unhappy?

Paris Peace Conference’s TOV gave german owned land in China given to Japan.

China had helped in auxiliary roles in WWI.

Which groups rose after the may fourth movement?

• CCP

• GMD