Anatomy and physiology chapter 1

Anatomy

The study of body structures: what parts are present, where they are located, and how they are related to one another.

Physiology

The study of body functions: how structures work individually and together to keep the organism alive.

Structure ➡ Function

Example: Thin walls of lung air sacs help gases diffuse efficiently. The structure makes the function possible.

CELL

Smallest living unit of the body. Cells carry out essential life processes.

TISSUE

A structure made of multiple tissues that performs specific functions.

Organ system

A group of organs that cooperate to perform major body functions.

example pathway

cardiac muscle cell  →  cardiac muscle tissue  →  heart  →  cardiovascular system  →  human organism

Integumentary

Protection; temperature regulation

Skeletal

Support; protection; mineral storage

Muscular

Movement; posture; heat

Nervous

Rapid control and communication

Endocrine

Long-term chemical regulation

Cardiovascular

Transport of blood and dissolved materials

Lymphatic

Fluid return and defense

Respiratory

Gas exchange

Digestive

Breakdown and absorption of nutrients

Urinary

Waste removal; fluid balance

Reproductive

Produces sex cells; supports reproduction

Homeostasis

does not mean that conditions never change. It means the body keeps internal conditions within an acceptable range.

STIMULUS

A condition changes- body temperature

RECEPTOR

Detects the change-blood glucose

CONTROL CENTER

Processes information- blood pressure

EFFECTOR

fluid balance are regulated around normal ranges.

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

Opposes the original change and moves a condition back toward its normal range.

Negative feedback

Examples: temperature regulation and blood glucose control.

POSITIVE FEEDBACK

Amplifies the original change until a specific event is completed.

POSITIVE FEEDBACK

Examples: blood clotting and contractions during childbirth.

Most homeostatic regulation in the body uses

negative feedback