World History Semester 1 final review

What were the 7 ideas of Enlightenment

• Reason (Science) was the best way to understand truth

• The ability to reason is what makes humans unique

• Reasons can be used to solve problems and improve people’s lives

• Reason can free people from ignorance, superstition, and unfair government

• The natural world is governed by the laws that can be discovered through reason

• Like the natural world, human behavior is governed by natural laws

• Governments should reflect natural laws and encourage education and debate

What book did Hobbes write and what was it about?

Wrote the book “Leviathan” which talked about how people are selfish and greedy and when left in their natural state, they live poor, short, and brutish lives

Who said the phrase “People need the government to impose order”

Hobbes

What was the idea of a social contract and who was in favor for it

The idea was that people would give up some of their freedom in exchange for peace, order, and safety from the government and Hobbes was in favor for it.

What did Locke argue about the government

The purpose of the government was to protect the natural rights (Life, liberty and property)

Locke believed that the government existed because of what

The consent of the governed and that it must serve the people's interests.

Locke believed that if the government failed then the citizens had the right to what

Overthrow

What did Montesquieu believe about the best form of government

The best form of government involves separation of powers.

Whose ideas inspired checks and balances

Montesquieu

What did Montesquieu believe would happen of one person controlled all 3 branches

It would lead to tyranny and abuse of power.

What were Mary Wollstonecraft’s beliefs?

She advocated for women's rights and education, arguing that women should have the same opportunities as men.

Who said this famous quote “I do not wish for them to have power over men, but over themselves”

Mary Wollstonecraft

How did Mary Wollstonecraft differ from her daughter Mary Shelley

Shelley wrote about feelings while Wollstonecraft wrote about reason.

Why was the Declaration of Rights of Man Citizen written?

To end tyranny and protect all men

What were the main goals of the Declaration of the Rights of Men

To guarantee life, liberty, and security and resistance to oppression to any French Citizen

Who did the Declaration of Rights of Man apply to

All men

What were characteristics of the first estate

• Clergy

• Ran Churches/Schools

• Cared for the people

• Collected a tithe (a tax on income)

• Church-owned huge amounts of land and paid no tax

What were characteristics of the second estate

• Nobility

• Less than 2% of the population

• Great wealth and privilege

• Exempt from most taxes

• Made peasants pay feudal taxes

What were the characteristics of the third estate

• Included the bourgeoisie (Middle class), peasants, and city workers

• 98% of the population

• Resented privileges of the 1st and 2nd estate

• Called for a tax reform

• Heavy taxes, church taxes, rent taxes

• Suffered from inflation because food prices rose

• Majority of society

Who started the Reign of Terror

Robespierre because he lead the Committee of Public Safety

What was the Reign of Terror

People would strike terror in the enemy of the republic or if any heard word about the republic would lead to execution

What were some consequences from the Reign of Terror

• Many people would be executed even if they were doing very simple things like plating a tree 🌳

• Prices for items such as bread or salt would become extremely expensive💸

When did the Reign of Terror end and why

1794 bc Robespierre is executed 🗡

Who is Miguel Hidalgo

A man also known as Father Hidalgo bc he was a priest and he helped gain independence for Mexico from the Spanish Empire but did NOT live to see independence.

Who is Simon Bolivar

Also known as El liberator and was national hero who helped gain independence for Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. DID live to see independance

Who is Jose de San Martin

A man remembered as a great military hero and helped to lead forces as a general to free Argentina, Chile, Peru and Spain from Spanish rule.

What is humanism

A movement focused on the study of worldly subjects like poetry and philosophy on human potential.

What are some famous art pieces that Michelangelo created

• Created the sculpture Pieta 

• The marble statue of David

• Most famous is a piece on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel

What is a famous art piece from DaVinci and what was unique about him

• Created the Mona Lisa

• Thought to have used a code like writing backwards so that people wouldn’t steal his ideas

• Wrote a lot about human anatomy and other inventions

Which African regions and empires were involved in the gold and salt trade?

Ghana, Mali and Songhai

How did the Ghana control the gold and salt trade?

• Rulers taxed the goods that traders brought through their territory → Wealth

• Gold - West African savannas housed a wealth of gold and traded it to Arab and Berber traders who had stocks of salt

How did the Mali control the gold and salt trade?

• Became wealthy once new deposits of gold were found farther east thus shifting the routes eastward

• Sundiata (Mali Leader) reestablished the gold-salt trade in his capital of Niani→Niani became the center of trade

• Trade routes shifted again which further weakened the Mali empire after their government began to diminis

How did the Songhai control the gold and salt trade?

• Gained control of the all-important trade routes

• Sunni Ali took control of a trade city

• Gained power and wealth when nearby kingdoms expanded control of trade routes and increased tax revenue

Who established Timbuktu and what is it

Mansa Musa and it was a center of learning to attract scholars and artists as well as to foster Islamic culture.

Who was Mansa Musa

A ruler of the Mali Empire and is renowned for his wealth, piety and patronage for the arts of education.

What event showcased Mansa Musa’s immense wealth and how

His pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324: Showed his wealth bc he would distribute gold along his journey to the economy of the region he was passing through.

Where were the Vikings from

Scandinavia (Norway, Sweden, Denmark)

What were the vikings main reason for expeditions

to raid, trade goods, and search for land to settle on

Who were the Vikings main target

Monasteries bc they were isolated and had no protection but were full of treasure 🪙🪙🪙🪙

Where was the Vikings first settlement on the North American continent

Newfoundland, Canada

What was feudalism

A decentralized, or loosely organized system of rule based on land ownership.

Feudalism had a rigid structure meaning…………

It didn’t allow people to move up in social classes

When there was much power in the western Roman empire, European tribes began fighting for what

Domination

What was a feudal contract

An exchange of pledges. Ex: The lord would give fiefs to vassals and in exchange for the vassals, the fief pledged to protect their own lands and fight for the lord.

What was the feudal structure order

• 1.Roman Catholic Church/Pope

• 2.Kings (Monarchs)

• 3. Lords

• 4. Knights and Vassals

• 5. Serfs and Peasants

What was the cause of black death, the results and who it was spread by

Spread by Mongols through trade routes. Caused lots of death in Europe.

What was the point of the 95 Theses Luther nailed to the door of the Wittenberg Church

To combat the indulgences and wrongs of the Catholic Church

what were Indulgences

Certificates sold by the church to forgive people for their sins and to “guarantee” salvation for people who bought them

Why were many people in the 1500’s upset with the Catholic Church?

They believed the church was more interested in money and power rather than religion

What was the purpose of the Council of Trent

• Was a committee that was made of catholic leaders

• Review church practices and catholic belief

• Created reforms and also schools for education

• Believe salvation is gained through faith in god and through good doings

• All 7 holy sacraments are legitimate means to gain God’s grace

• They interpret the Bible as final and all others who interpret the bible are considered “non believers” 

What was the counter reformation

• The catholic church’s response to the protestant reformation

• Indulgences were outlawed 

• Latin versions of the Bible were the only acceptable version

• The catholic church wanted to fix major problems

When was the printing press invented and by who

Johannes Gutenberg in 1440

how was the renaissance and reformation connected to printing

Revolutionized the spread of information, enabling the rapid spread of Reformation ideas though printed text.

Where did the renaissance start

In italy and spread to parts of Europe.

What are some things that happened during the Renaissance

Many were starved because of the black death however it did lead to change in Europe.

Goods and produce were traded

During the Renaissance what was a new interest amongst people

Art, literature, science and learning

How did the renaissance lead to the Age of Exploration

Due to the Renaissance there was a spirit of discovery and innovation in Europe

Who was Cortes

A spanish Conquistador

Where was the Aztec empire located

Mexico

Why were many people in the 15000’s upset with the catholic church

Many believed the church was more interested in the money and power rather than the religion.

Why was the printing press “revolutionary”

• It allowed for more books to be created allowing for education

• And help with the protestant reformation

• Had to be literate to spread the message

• More quickly publish things

Why did the renaissance start in Italy

Italy had many thriving cities, had a wealthy merchant class and was a place that helped to increase trade.

How does humanism apply to the renaissance?

• It was said that the best way for people to become humanist during this time was to study classical writings and learn greek and latin languages

• The idea more focus on the individual

• Countered the church that focused on god and religion was first

• Countered with church beliefs 

• Focused on individuals, well being and the classics.

How was Cortes able to defeat the Aztecs

• Heard about the Aztecs wealth and gold so went to capital and demanded gold

• Controlled smaller surrounding cities that sided with Cortes due to their anger at the Azteca

• Destroyed almost all Aztec codices (picture books made by Aztecs about their history, daily life, economy etc)

• Captured and killed the leader Montezuma 🔪🔪🗡🗡⚔⚔

• All eventually died of disease

Who were the Aztecs

• 1 of 3 mezzo American empires

• Located in Central Mexico, below Gulf of MExico

• Had bloody religious ceremonies and sacrifices

• Separated by class king→Priests and Pro Warriors→Merchants + Artisans→Farmers→Slaves

• The economy taxed ppl. whether it be in the form of food or pottery etc.

• Used chinampas which were floating gardens allowing them to garden in a swampy land

• Eventually died bc of diseases and the ruler Montezuma being killed and Spanish (Cortes) invading and taking over

Who were the Incas

• 1 of 3 mexxo American empires

• Believed the sun god was the most important and kinds were related to the Sun

• Most people were lower class (farmers, artisans, servants) and they served the upper class

• Mummified dead kings ot be worshipped in Cuzco (nice homes)

• Sacrificed items like clothes or food and not many humans

• Pachacuti was a very powerful leader and claimed he had a dream of a victory from the sun god)

• Capital is Cuzco and were found in west (pacific coast) of south America

• Everyone had to pay a mita (labor tax)

• Emperor had the most power

• Did not have a written language and instead used colored knots and cords for numbers and dates called Quipu.

How did the Inca empire end

• Francisco Pizarro invaded and ended up conquering

• Spanish arrival brought disease and weakened the empire so spanish conquered

• Dude also killed the leader Atahualpa with the trick feast and eventually strangled him to death

In which region of the Americas did French man Jacques Carter settle on

• 1534 Jacques Carter sailed past Jacques Cartier sailed past Newfoundland down the St. Lawrence River

• Claimed land as New France which is now Canada

• Cartier reached an island and named it Mount Real (Mount Royal) which later became Montreal

In which region of Americas did French Man Samuel de Champlain settle on

In 1608 Samuel de Champlain and 32 colonists sailed up St Lawrence and founded Quebec which was the base of France’s colonial empire in North America

Where did the Jesuit priest Jacques Marquette and Louis Joliet explore?

The great lakes and upper Mississippi river

How id Louisiana get its name

In honor of King Louis XIV

Did the French care more about making money or taking more land

Making more money

What was the Columbian Exchange

A global transfer of foods, plants, and animals during the colonization of the Amercias

What was the age exploration

A time period where people felt really motivated to go explore

What were some items traded during the columbian exchange

• Plants TO America: tomatoes, squash, pineapple, tobacco

• Plants FROM America: Potatoes and corn

• Animals- Turkey, horses, pigs, sheep

• Fruit- Bananas, YAMMSSS

• Grains- Wheat, rice, barley and oats

What were some positives of the Colombian exchange

• Plants and food helped people live longer

• Native Americans and Europeans learned from each other how to grow plants

• Exchange of goods and knowledge

What are some negatives about the Colombian exchange

• Disease was spread killing many

• People cut down forest areas of farmland

• Many Native Americans died bc they weren’t “immune” to the diseases that Europeans were from the animals

How did labor systems begin to change during the age of exploration

Through an encomienda system

What was the encomienda system

• A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the AMericas including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it

• Natives would farm, ranch or even mine for their spanish land lords

• Spanish landlords had the rights to the Native laborers

• Settlers said they would act fairly and respect the Native workers but usually abused them and many Natives died as a result

• So shifted to African Americans for labor

What inspired Latin American Revolutions

• Enlightenment ideals and the revolutions happening in other countries (French, American, and Napoleonic Wars)

How did the Congress of Vienna redraw europe’s boundaries?

Restored old boundaries of Europe before the Napoleonic

Why did the Congress of Vienna take place

To address the conflict and instability I Europe bc of French revolution and Napoleonic Wars, and they wanted stability in Europe

What was the Congress of Vienna

A meeting of representatives from European States

Why did the French people support Napoleon

Bc he had such success in the military

Napoleon controlled a large amount of what region and crowned himself what?

• Controlled much of France and crowned himself emperor

• What did Napoleon do that affected the U.S.?

• Sold Louisiana territory to US for $15 million (Louisiana Purchase)

• What is the scientific method and how did it influence the “thinking” of the 1700s?

• A scientific method is to perform science experiments to prove a hypothesis

• Encouraged scientist to experiment and draw conclusions

• Advanced Frances Bacon (Inductive reasoning)

• More knowledge to improves peoples lives.

What is the scientific method steps

1. observer/ask a question about something 

2. Research 

3. Hypothesis 

4. Experiment 

5. Data 

6. Conclusion 

How did power shift (begin to change) across Europe during the enlightenment period?

• Enlightenment caused development in ways of thinking like the Scientific Revolution

• Changed the way people viewed the world 

• People’s ideas shifted away from the church and traditional institutions (took power away from the church)

• What institution did the Scientific Revolution challenge?

The church

What changes in thinking came out of the Scientific Revolution?

Ppl. Published works that challenged the idea of ancient thinkers

What is a cause of the scientific revolution

Renaissance (rebirth of learning and the arts)

What is absolutism

One leader has complete power and authority over a country

What are the qualities of an absolute ruler

Controlled everything to free themselves from the limitations imposed by representative bodies like Parliament

Where did the absolute monarch receives their power

Believed their power came from God (divine right)

What was the reign of Phillip II like

• Believed his duty was to defend Catholicism against the Muslims of the Ottoman Empire and the Protestants of Europe

• Seized Portugal because he was the king's nephew (king had no heir) →Philip had an empire that circled the globe

• 1588: launched the Spanish Armada to punish Protestant England and its queen Elizabeth I (Elizabeth supported Protestant subjects who had rebelled against philip, Philip was defeated)

• Failure of Spanish Armada→weakened Spain  

• Forceful ruler, tried to control every aspect of his empire’s affairs

What was the reign of Queen Elizabeth

• Tolerant of the Protestant/Catholic religions of her people in England

• It focused on maintaining England's independence, strengthening its position in Europe, and expanding its influence overseas.

• Queen Elizabeth was tolerant of all religions

What were the goals of Peter I

• To learn about European customs and manufacturing techniques

• Gain more power as the czar

• Promote education, believed that it was a key to Russia’s progress

• Westernize and reform the culture and government of Russia

  • Westernization: an adoption of the social, political, or economic institutions of Western—especially European or American—countries

What is an absolute monarch and how is their rule justified

King or queen who holds all the power within their state boundaries and believed they had the divine right to the throne (God)

• How is the Palace of Versailles a good example of Absolutist behavior 

• Louis XIV (14) was an absolute monarch who built the Palace of Versailles to display wealth and power