Understanding Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

What is Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)?

A severe anxiety disorder that can develop after exposure to a traumatic event, characterized by the presence of one or more intrusive symptoms.

What are the two diagnostic criteria for PTSD?

1. Exposure: Direct experience, witnessing, learning about trauma to a close person, or repeated exposure to trauma details. 2. Intrusive Symptoms: Recurrent involuntary memories, nightmares, and dissociative reactions at cues related to the trauma.

What memory issues are associated with PTSD?

Inability to recall important aspects of the trauma.

What emotional state changes are associated with PTSD?

Diminished interest in activities, detachment, and inability to experience positive emotions.

What are the negative cognitions associated with PTSD?

Persistent negative beliefs about oneself or others, including self-blame.

What behavioral changes are seen in PTSD?

Irritability, angry outbursts, reckless behavior, and hypervigilance.

What cognitive impairments are associated with PTSD?

Problems with concentration and sleep disturbances.

What is the prevalence of PTSD in the general population?

Affects 7-9% of the general population, with higher rates in trauma victims (60-80%), combat veterans (30%), and sexual assault victims (50-80%).

What are common comorbid conditions with PTSD?

Depression, anxiety disorders, substance use disorders, and dissociative disorders.

What is Acute Stress Disorder (ASD)?

Characterized by symptoms similar to PTSD but occurring within 3 days to 1 month after trauma exposure.

What developmental risk factors contribute to PTSD?

1. Stress sensitization due to childhood adversity. 2. History of psychiatric illness in family and personal history. 3. Attachment styles, such as secure vs insecure.

How does neuroticism affect PTSD risk?

Higher neuroticism is associated with a more intense reaction to stress.

What role does resilience play in PTSD?

Resilience is linked to coping ability, which can influence the development of PTSD.

What pre-trauma risk factors are associated with PTSD?

Lack of social support and an external locus of control.

What during-trauma risk factors can influence PTSD development?

Peritraumatic dissociation and cognitive appraisal of the traumatic event.

What is experiential avoidance in the context of PTSD?

Avoidance behaviors (physiological, behavioral, cognitive, affective) provide temporary relief but can lead to reexperiencing or poor coping.

What are effective psychological interventions for PTSD?

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and exposure therapy.

Why is social support critical in PTSD recovery?

Perceived social support can mitigate PTSD symptoms and enhance recovery outcomes.

What is a criticism of the PTSD definition?

Exposure to trauma is necessary but not sufficient for PTSD development; the focus should be on the event and the individual's response.

What is an Adjustment Disorder?

Emotional or behavioral symptoms in response to a stressor, occurring within 3 months of the stressor, and not physical in nature.