Overview of Anatomy (Module 1)

Phlem

anatomy

the study of an organisms body structures and their location

physiology

the study of the function of each body part

functions of cells

taking in food/oxygen

producing heat/energy

eliminating waste

reproducing to create new cells

different cells perform different tasks

cells

smallest structural unit of living things which carry on all functions of life

nucleus

round structure within the cytoplasm, controls cell activities and directs cell production

surrounded by nuclear membrane

cell membrane

forms an outer boundary around the cell to separate from its surrounds (plasma membrane)

cytoplasm

jelly-like semifluid material that transports substances within the cell

where chemical reactions take place

organelles

small structures with a specific job to help the cell function

centrioles

play an important role in cell division

golgi apparatus

membrane layers that produce, store, packages secretions to be sent out of the cell

ribosomes

help to create proteins

made of RNA and protein

Made in the nucleus

vacuole

a space within cell that is empty of cytoplasm lined with a membrane and filled with fluid

performs storage, ingestion, digestion, excretion, expulsion of excess water

lysosomes

contain enzymes used to digest food/other substances

endoplasmic reticulum

fine network of tubular strucutes that allows substances to be transported in and out of cell

also makes/stores proteins

mitochondria

breaks down nutrients to help make the major energy source for the cell

metabolism

the sum of all chemical reactions within the cell

anabolism

the building up of complex substances forms simpler ones, which require energy and help produce growth in organs/tissues

catabolism

the breaking down of complex substances into simpler ones

results in the release of CO2

catabolism energy

makes

anabolism energy

uses

reasons cell reproduce

growth, repair, maintenance

mitosis

occurs when one cell reproduces by dividing into 2 identical cells

supports the growth and maintenance of cells

which cells cannot be replaced

cardiac and nuerons

interphase

the cell is not actively dividng

the cell is storing energy and preparing to split

a copy of each chromosome is made

2 centrioles in centrosome

chromatids

strands of copied chromosomes

centromere

joins chromosomes together

prophase

chromatids coil up the nuclear membrane dissolves, and the centrioles move to opposite sides

metaphase

chromatids pair line up along the middle of the cell

the centromere of each. chromatid pair is attached to a spindle fiber

pulls centromeres apart

spindle fiber

proteins that can contract and pull apart chromosomes

anaphase

each chromatid is considered a separate chromosome, and the spindle fibers contract to pull the chromosomes away from each other and towards opposite poles of the cell.

telophase

chromosomes uncoil to form chromatin, and a nuclear membrane forms around each of two groups of chromosomes

Two nuclei

cytokinesis

the parent cell is pinched into 2 daughter cells

ring of filaments squeezes and divides the parent cell’s cytoplasm between the 2 daughter cell

new membrane forms

how many chromosomes does each daughter cell hace

46 total

Meiosis

the process of reproduction of sex cells

Two separate cell divisions with four cells at the end form 1

Each gamete has how many chromosomes

23

zygote

sperm and egg with 46 chromosomes

gametes

sec cells

ovum

egg

organization of body

chemicals

molecules

cells

tissue

organ

organ systems

organism

tissue

formed when cells of the same type join to perform a common task

epithelial tissue

covers internal and external body structures and form glands

protects from moisture loss, bacteria, internal injuries

connective tissue (EP)

provides structure and supports the body and helps hold organs in place in body cavities

loose connective tissue (EP)

connects epithelial tissue to underlying tissue

also helps stop pathogens from entering the bloodstream

fibrous connective tissue (EP)

strong, dense tissue that connects muscle to bone and bone to bone

adipose (EP)

fat tissue, serves as an energy stockpile, padding and thermal insulation of the body

cartilage (EP)

used as a physical shock absorber and reduces friction

bone (EP)

provides support and protection and allows body to move

blood (EP)

serves as a transportation mechanism for chemicals

muscle tissue

contracts to allow body to move

skeletal (MT)

voluntary

smooth (MT)

involuntary

cardiac (MT)

involuntary

nervous tissue

carries messages throughout the body to direct activies

nuerons

electrical communication

organs

formed when groups of tissue work together to perform a specific function

organ system

collection of organs and other body parts that work to carry out 1 of bodies major functions

homeostasis

the process of keeping a state of balance in the body

interdependence

systems must work together to support human life

disease

disordered or incorrectly functioning organ, part, structure, system of the body

causes of disease

genetic/development errors

infection

poison

nutritional deficincies

toxicity

unfavorable enviromental factors

objective signs of disease

fever, high blood pressure, rash

subjective signs of disease

dizziness, pain, blurry vision

atrophy

decrease in the size of cells as a result of age and disease

hyperplasia

an increase in the number of cells

metaplasia

cells being replaced by another type

dysplasia

cells changing in shape and organization

neoplasia

cells changing in structure with an uncontrolled growth pattern

tumor

neoplasm

a mass formed when abnormal or uncontrolled growth occurs

benign tumors

only grow in one place and cannot spread

malignant tumor

cancer tumor that will crowd out other healthy cells as it grows

immunity

the body’s ability to resist invaders and diseases they cause

physical immunity

physically bars pathogens from entering the body

natural immunity

unintentional exposure

artificial immunity

intentional exposure

chemical immunity

once a pathogen enters the body, the body breaks to break the pathogen down

acquired immunity

results when the body is exposed to an invader but over comes it

passive immunity

borrowing anitbodies form another person or species

last a short time

active immunity

people develop own antibodies

lasts longer