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Language
An agreed-on communication system that makes use of oral and written symbols or signs
Reading is
Listening, speaking, writing
Primary ingredient for reading success
Classroom management
Expressive Language
The "output" of language, how one expresses his or her wants and needs usually through speaking or writing.
This includes not only words, but also the rules of grammar that dictate how words are combined into phrases, sentences and paragraphs as well as the use of gestures and facial expressions.
Receptive Language
Understanding oral or written language "input" including words and gestures.
Phonology
Sounds humans use to express language.
Prosody
Reading orally with appropriate vocal expression.
Intonation
The rise and fall of the pitch in the voice while speaking
Stress
Giving particular emphasis or importance to a point, statement, or idea made in speech.
Juncture
Features in speech that enable a hearer to detect boundaries between a word or phrase, e.g., distinguishing I scream from ice cream.
Rime
The vowel sound /letter and everything that follows it in a syllable.
Onset
The sounds /letters that precede the vowel in a syllable.
Phoneme
The smallest unit of speech sounds.
Phonemic Awareness
The ability to focus on and manipulate phonemes-individual sounds-in spoken words.
Orthography
The conventional spelling system of a language.
Grapheme
The smallest meaningful contrastive unit in a writing system—in alphabetic languages, a symbol or letter.
Alphabetic Principle
An understanding that specific letters or letter combinations are used in print to represent specific speech sounds in spoken words; for example, the awareness that the rer sound in speech is represented by the letter r in print.
Phonics
A teaching method that relates spoken sounds to written symbols in systematic and predictable ways (letter-sound relationships); this knowledge can then be used by readers to decode words in print.
Morphology
Relates to one's knowledge of meaning-bearing units or speech and writing, particularly root words and affixes (prefixes and suffixes). ______________ are the smallest parts of words that carry meaning
Morpheme
The smallest unit of meaning in language.
Free Morpheme
Sometimes called a root word, _________________ stand alone as a word that has meaning. Words such as ball, peninsula, and chain consist of a single morpheme and can stand alone, having its own meaning.
Bound Morpheme
A meaningful unit of language that must be connected to a free or another bound morpheme to have meaning. Examples include -ocracy, -ante, and bio-, as well as other prefixes and suffixes such as re-, -ed, and -es.
The Five Pillars
Teacher Knowledge
Classroom Assessment
Evidence-Based Teaching Practices
Differentiating Instruction
Family-Community Connections
Behaviorism
With regard to language development, this theory states that infants learn oral language from other human role models through a process involving stimulation/modeling, imitation, rewards, punishment, and practice.
Innatist Theory
States that language learning is natural for human beings. In short, babies enter the world with a biological propensity (inclination)—an inborn device, as it were to learn. Lenneberg (1964) refers to this built-in device for learning language as the language acquisition device (LAD) explains to some degree how students can generate or invent language they have never heard before.
Constructivist Theory
Based on the work of Jean Piaget, this theory suggests that language development is deeply rooted in the development of cognition or thinking, and that concept or cognitive development precedes the development of language ability. Piaget stated that there are predictable stages of language development: Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 years), Preoperational Stage (2-7 years), Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years), and Formal Operations Stage (11-15 years and beyond).
Social Interactionist Theory
An explanation of language development emphasizing the role of social interaction between a developing child and linguistically more advanced or knowledgeable peers or adults.
Constant Blends
Combinations of two consonant letters whose sounds can be orally blended together such that each consonant is still pronounced (bl, fr, sk).
Phonological Awareness
An umbrella term that includes hearing and manipulating parts of spoken language such as words, syllables, rhyming elements in syllables, and alliteration.
Decoding
The ability to translate the code of written words (i.e., letters, affixes, syllables, and other word parts) into a spoken word.
Decoding
written symbols into language
productive language arts
speaking and writing is considered
receptive language arts
listening and reading is considered
primary ingredient in the recipe for every student’s reading success
an effective teacher
the study of speech sounds and their functions in a language
phonology
juncture
slight pauses between parts of spoken words
six components of language structure
phonology, syntax, orthography, morphology, semantics, pragmatics
a printed or visual symbol
grapheme
study of structure and forms of words including derivation, inflection, and compounding
morphology
add meaningful word endings s, ed, ing, and est
inflected morphemes
adding a letter or changing letters within a word, changing the past of the speech
derivational morpheme
the pattern or structure of the word order in a sentence or phase: the study of grammatical structure
syntax
study of meaning in language
semantics
the study of the choices of language that persons make in social interaction and of the effects of these choices on others
pragmatics
ability to put spoken sound together to say a word
oral blending
stretching out a spoken word and being able to say each sound heard in the word
oral segmenting
Constant Clusters
Combinations of three or more consonant letters whose sounds can be orally blended together such that each consonant is still pronounced (spl, str).
Diphthongs
Two vowels together in words producing a single, glided sound (oi in oil, oy in boy, ow in cow). Not really a critical phonics skill.
Schwa
Some vowel letters produce the uh sound like the a's in America. The ____________ is represented by the backward upside-down e symbol: อ.
Structural Analysis
Using known meaningful word parts that are often added to base words to figure out a word's pronunciation and meaning.
Segmenting
Dividing spoken words into sounds and representing those spoken sounds with letters to produce approximate spellings of the words represented in one's speaking vocabulary.
Blending
saying quickly the sounds associated with letters in printed words to gain approximate pronunciations that can be matched to words represented in their speaking vocabularies.
Sequential Blending
The act of recoding written symbols into spoken sounds in a single syllable or single syllable word working from left to right in sequence to decode (read) an unfamiliar word.
Hierarchical Blending
Beginning in late first grade and early second grade, teachers help students understand this type of blending used to decode multi- or polysyllabic words.
Drastic Strategy
Designed for teaching students to remember high-frequency sight words involving word recognition instruction. The steps are: See the word (visualize), Say the word, Spell the word, Write the word, Check (your spelling of) the word.
Reading Fluency
The ability to read grade-appropriate texts smoothly at a conversational reading rate/speed and appropriate use of expression or prosody in the voice.
Prosody
Reading orally with appropriate vocal expression.