ntr

Nutrition is the branch of science that focuses on identifying the nutrients found in foods and beverages and...

their actions within the body

Which of the following substances are inorganic

minerals and water

A half-cup of vanilla ice cream contains 24 grams of carbohydrate, 4 grams of protein and 17 grams of fat. How many total kcalories does this ice cream contain?

265 kcals

The AMDR for carbohydrate is between

45-65% of total energy

A person is 'doing keto' and consumes 75 g of protein/day in a 2000 kilocalorie diet. How does this amount fit with the AMDR?

it's within the AMDR

The pack of cookies that your roommate purchased has the following nutrient facts panel:

Serving Size: 32g (3 cookies), Servings Per Container 11

Nutrition Information Per Serving:

Calories 160

Total Fat 8g (Saturated fat 2.5g, Cholesterol 0mg, Trans Fat 0g)

Sodium 105mg

Total Carbohydrate 21g

Added Sugars 15g

Dietary Fiber 1g

Protein 2g

If your roommate ate 9 cookies, how many grams of fat would he consume?

24 g

Nutrition recommendations are often developed from the findings of a single study.

false

An experimental study examines the cause and effect of an intervention on a specific outcome.

true

The _____ is the maximum amount of a nutrient that appears safe for most healthy people, but beyond the maximum amount might be toxic.

UL

The ______ is the average daily amount of a nutrient that is needed to meet the nutrient needs of 98% of healthy people.

RDA

Malnutrition ONLY refers to the inadequacy/deficiency in energy and/or nutrients.

false

The 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans suggests that a healthy eating pattern should limit saturated fats, sodium, alcohol, and what else?

added sugars

The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) and the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGAs) are based on and apply to:

healthy populations

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans provide food/beverage -based recommendations to help prevent diet-related chronic diseases and promote overall health.

true

Which of the following principles are important in establishing a healthy dietary pattern? (select 4)

Try to get your nutrients from foods, not supplements

Pay attention to portion sizes and choose smaller sizes

Choose a variety of foods to consume within each food group

Moderation is key when eating energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods

Which of the following are NOT considered one of the recommended 'healthy' food groups to consume (select 2)?

alcohol and sugar sweetened beverages

Which of the following are new features of the recently updated nutrition facts panel. (Select 3)

Vitamin D and Potassium ('shortfall nutrients') included

Larger font size for calories

Added Sugars included

Which of the following is an example of a nutrient claim on a nutrition label?

"Good source of calcium"

Since 2009, the overall diet quality among Americans based on the Healthy Eating Index Score has done what?

Stayed Relatively the Same and has not Improved

Nutrition recommendations continue to change. Why does this occur?

As new scientific evidence is reviewed, the recommendations are changed to reflect these updates.

What organ of the body is the first to receive the nutrients after they pass through the GI tract, and then prepares those nutrients for use in the body?

liver

illeocecal valve

allows passage of chyme from the small intestine to the large intestine

Epiglottis

protects airway during swallowing

lumen

continuous space that carries nutrients through the GI tract that are waiting to be absorbed

pyloric sphincter

releases small portions of chyme from the stomach into the small intestine

goblet

Type of cell that secrets mucus

chyme

semi-liquid product of digestion expelled from the stomach, a little at a time

Which of the following is a component of pancreatic juice?

bicarbonate

After pancreatic juices have mixed with chyme, which of the following describes the pH of the resulting mixture?

approximately neutral

Which organ is the "hero" of the digestive system, receiving most nutrients before they reach the heart and detoxifying harmful substances?

liver

The ______ secretes bile which is then gets stored in the ____

liver, gall bladder

Which part of the digestive system is primarily involved in absorbing nutrients?

small intestine

metabolism

biochemical processes that provide energy to living cells

absorption

moves smaller molecules out of the GI tract and into the blood

digestion

breaks ingested foods into smaller molecules

What is the process that uses circular and longitudinal muscle contractions to move broken-down foods (i.e., chyme) through the GI tract?

peristalsis

mucus

protect the cells of the GI tract

enzymes

break down foods into smaller molecules through hydrolysis

hormones

signals to the gallbladder to release bile

chemicals

provide an acidic or basic environment to optimize digestion

What type of transport requires energy to carry a nutrient from outside the cell, through the cell membrane, and into the cell?

active transport

What absorptive structures of the GI tract are fingerlike projections in the small intestine that select and regulate absorption of nutrients?

villi

The hormone, CCK, is secreted into the blood in response to fat entering into the small intestine.

CCK then simulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate and enzymes. It also stimulates the gallbladder to release bile.

All of these processes begin to break down the fat in the small intestine.

The partially digested fat no longer stimulates CCK release.

If there is no CCK, then the pancreas and gallbladder are not stimulated and nothing is released.

What type of homeostatic feedback loop is this situation describing?

negative feedback

What part of the GI tract is responsible for GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease), otherwise known as 'heartburn', which causes stomach acid to back up into the esophagus?

Lower esophageal sphincter

Which of the following are known causes of peptic ulcers? (Select 2)

bacterial infection and Overuse of anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen

Which specific carbohydrate has the following characteristics:

1) Most abundant monosaccharide in nature

2) Sometimes called blood sugar

3) Sometimes called dextrose (when manufactured)

4) Found in every polysaccharide and disaccharide

glucose

What monosaccharide has the sweetest taste?

fructose

What are non-digestible carbohydrates that promote GI health, increase satiety, and reduce risks of heart disease, diseases, and some cancers?

fiber

Where does chemical digestion of table sugar (sucrose) begin?

small intestine

Which of the following are considered to be polysaccharides? (Select 3)

starch, glycogen, fiber

Which of the following provides carbohydrates in the diet?

grains, bean, vegetables, fruit

Which of the following locations does enzymatic (chemical) digestion of carbohydrates take place? (Select 2)

mouth and small intestine

What is the common name of the disaccharide molecule that contains glucose + galactose?

milk sugar

What are the recommended dietary strategies for individuals with lactose intolerance? (Select 2)

consume yogurt or lactose-free milk and Gradually increase milk intake & consume it with other foods

What organ is the primary user of glucose in the body?

brain

When blood glucose rises, the pancreas secretes ______ to promote glucose update into the cells. However, when blood glucose falls, the pancreas secretes _______ to breakdown glycogen into glucose for use.

insulin, glucagon

When we consume inadequate amounts of carbohydrates (

fat gets broken down to form ketone bodies (for fuel)

protein gets broken down to form glucose

The primary reason why a diet high in added sugars is 'harmful' is because the foods/beverages containing the added sugar are nutrient poor, but energy dense, and therefore they displace other nutrient dense foods from the diet.

true

The recommended fiber intake in adult women ages 19-50 years is __ g/day, whereas the recommended fiber intake in adult men ages 19-50 years is __ g/day.

25, 38

If you have a fasting blood glucose of 115 mg/dL, what clinical range are you in?

prediabetes

What percent of the grains that you consume should be whole grains?

50%

Fiber supplements are just as effective as consuming fiber-rich foods.

false

What is the storage form of energy in the body?

glycogen

_______ get absorbed from the small intestine to be transported into the blood stream, whereas ______ move into the large intestine to be fermented by the gut bacteria.

monosaccharides, non-digestible (soluble) fiber

Since the dietary guidelines limits the amount of total sugar intake to be

false

Triglycerides are made up of: (Select 2)

3 fatty acid and glycerol "backbone"

What are the 3 types of lipids? (Select 3)

sterols, phospholipids, triglycerides

What is the storage form of fat in adipose tissue?

triglycerides

Where does most of lipid digestion occur?

small intestine

Lipids get packaged into micelles and are transported directly into the blood stream to be used for energy by the body.

false

Which type of fatty acids have double bonded Carbons (and thus have fewer Hydrogens on their chemical backbone), and therefore help to reduce the risk of chronic disease?

Unsaturated fatty acids

Which of the following blood lipids are associated with an increased risk of heart disease? (select 2)

LDL cholesterol and triglycerides

How much energy does 1 gram of fat provide?

9 kcals

Which of the following is NOT true concerning the actions of Free Fatty Acids (FFAs)?

FFAs can be directly converted to glucose when needed

Which lipoprotein removes cholesterol from cells and carries them to the liver to be recycled or disposed, and therefore is beneficial for health (i.e., "protective" against chronic disease risk)?

HDL

The health effects of dietary fats are only dependent on the quantity that is consumed.

false

Which of the following lists dietary fats in ascending order of saturated fat content (from lowest amount of saturated fat to highest)?

canola oil, olive oil, butter, coconut oil

Which of the following statements are true about saturated fats? (Select 3)

solid at room temp, more resistant to oxidation and elevated LDL blood cholesterol

All cholesterol, including dietary (from foods) and internally-made, is detrimental to health.

false

Which fatty acids are anti-inflammatory, improve heart health, and are involved with structure and function of cells in the eyes and brain?

polyunsaturated, omega 3 fatty acids

Which of the following are rich in Omega-3 fatty acids? (Select 2)

salmon, flaxseed oil

What molecule helps to breakdown large fat globules into smaller droplets AND helps regulate cholesterol concentrations in the blood?

bile

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends consuming what percent of daily intake from saturated fats?

Which of the following is NOT true of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL)?

removes cholesterol from cells

Which of the following foods supply dietary cholesterol? (Select 2)

shrimp and hamburger

Which of the following is not composed primarily of protein?

brain tissue

What are the building blocks of proteins?

amino acids

Compared to carbohydrates and lipids, which element is unique to protein-containing molecules?

nitrogen

Essential amino acids are those which:

the body needs but cannot synthesize

Where are amino acids stored in the body (to use when needed)?

They are not stored anywhere; we have a limited 'pool' of amino acids to use each day

Select two foods that can be combined to make a complete protein.

beans and rice

What is the most common sign of malnutrition due to protein deficiency?

growth stunting

Protein quality is based on what 2 factors? (select 2).

digestibility and amino acid composition (focusing on the amount of essential amino acids)

Increased protein consumption has been shown to have which of the following health effects? (select 3)

Increase Strength & Performance

Improve Weight Management

build muscle

Where does protein digestion occur (select 2)?

small intestine and stomach

Through condensation reactions, many amino acids are bound together to form what?

polypeptide

Amino Acid metabolism produces a toxic chemical called _____ which is converted to a non-toxic chemical called _____ and excreted by the kidneys.

ammonia, urea

When dietary amino acids are low, the body begins breaking down proteins from what source?

skeletal muscle

Which of the following statements are true of dietary protein amounts? (select 2)

Athletes should consume higher than the RDA (0.8 grams/kg body weight/day) but the amount depends on type and amount of exercise

Eating above the RDA, between 1.2-1.6 grams of protein/kg body weight/day, is 'optimal' for several health benefits in most Americans

The increased protein content of dairy and red meat is the main dietary factor that contributes to the health risks associated with these foods.

false