UNIT 2: THINKING AND LEARNING

assess (əˈses)

(v.) to make a judgement about the nature or quality of somebody/something = Đánh giá

assume (əˈsjuːm)

(v.) to think or accept that something is true but without having proof of it = Giả sử

baffle (ˈbæfl)

(v.) to confuse somebody completely; to be too difficult or strange for somebody to understand or explain = Làm rối lên, làm cho ai đó bối rối, khó hiểu

biased (ˈbaɪəst)

(a.) tending to show favour towards or against one group of people or one opinion for personal reasons; making unfair judgements = Thiên kiến, thành kiến

e.g: _______ information/sources/press reports

concentrate

(v.) to give all your attention to something and not think about anything else (ON) = Tập trung

consider

(v.) to think about something carefully, especially in order to make a decision = Xem xét, cân nhắc

contemplate (ˈkɒntəmpleɪt)

(v.) to think about whether you should do something, or how you should do something = Xem xét, cân nhắc ( 1 thời gian dài)

SYNONYM: consider, think about/of

cynical (ˈsɪnɪkl)

(a.) believing that people only do things to help themselves rather than for good or honest reasons = hoài nghi, nghi ngờ

(a.) cynical (about something) not believing that something good will happen or that something is important

deduce (dɪˈdjuːs)

(v.) ( from sth): to form an opinion about something based on the information or evidence that is available = suy ra, suy luận

SYNONYM: infer

deliberate (dɪˈlɪbərət)

(v.) one on purpose rather than by accident SYNONYM: intentional, planned = cố tình, cố ý

dilemma (/dɪˈlemə/, /daɪˈlemə/)

(n.) situation that makes problems, often one in which you have to make a very difficult choice between things of equal importance = tình huống tiến thoái, lưỡng nan

discriminate (dɪˈskrɪmɪneɪt)

(v.) to treat one person or group worse/better than another in an unfair way = phân biệt, đối xử không công bằng

dubious (ˈdjuːbiəs)

(a.) doubtful ( about sth)// suspicious = nghi ngờ về điều gì

estimate (ˈestɪmeɪt)

(v.) to form an idea of the cost, size, value etc. of something, but without calculating it exactly = ước tính

(n.) sự ước tính

faith (feɪθ)

(n.) trust in somebody’s ability or knowledge; trust that somebody/something will do what has been promised = sự tin tưởng (IN)

gather (ˈɡæðə(r))

(v.) to come together, or bring people together, in one place to form a group = tụ tập, tập hợp

genius (ˈdʒiːniəs)

(n.) a person who is unusually intelligent or artistic, or who has a very high level of skill, especially in one area = thiên tài, thần đồng

grasp (ɡrɑːsp)

(v.) ______ somebody/something to take a strong hold of somebody/something = cầm, nắm

SYNONYM: grip

guesswork

(n.) the process of trying to find an answer by guessing when you do not have enough information to be sure = quá trình dự đoán, sự dự đoán

hunch (hʌntʃ)

(n.) a feeling that something is true even though you do not have any evidence to prove it = dự cảm, cảm giác

ideology (ˌaɪdiˈɒlədʒi)

(n.) a set of ideas that an economic or political system is based on = hệ tư tưởng

ingenious (ɪnˈdʒiːniəs)

(n.) (of a person) very intelligent and skilful, or (of a thing) skilfully made or planned and involving new ideas and methods = thông minh, khéo léo, xuất chúng

inspiration (ˌɪnspəˈreɪʃn)

(n.) a person or thing that is the reason why somebody creates or does something = người, vật, sự việc tạo cảm hứng

intuition (ˌɪntjuˈɪʃn)

(n.) the ability to know something by using your feelings rather than considering the facts = trực giác, cảm giác

justify (ˈdʒʌstɪfaɪ)

(v.) to show that somebody/something is right or reasonable = biện hộ, biện minh, bào chữa

naive (naɪˈiːv)

(v.) innocent and simple ( behaviour)

(v.) not having enough knowledge, good judgement or experience of life and too willing to believe that people always tell you the truth = ngây thơ, đơn giản

notion (ˈnəʊʃn)

(n.) an idea, a belief or an understanding of something = ý tưởng, ý kiến, khái niệm

optimistic (ˌɒptɪˈmɪstɪk)

(a.) expecting good things to happen or something to be successful; showing this feeling = lạc quan

paradox (ˈper.ə.dɑːks)

(n.) a situation or statement that seems impossible or is difficult to understand because it contains two opposite facts or characteristics = nghịch lý

pessimistic (ˌpesɪˈmɪstɪk)

(a.) expecting bad things to happen or something not to be successful; showing this = bi quan

plausible (ˈplɔːzəbl)

(a.) reasonable and likely to be true = hợp lí, khả thi, đúng

ponder (ˈpɒndə(r))

(v.) to think about something carefully for a period of time = xem xét, cân nhắc

SYNONYM: consider

prejudiced (ˈpredʒ.ə.dɪst)

(a.) showing an unreasonable dislike for something or someone = thành kiến

presume (prɪˈzjuːm)

(v.) to suppose that something is true, although you do not have actual proof = giả sử, cho rằng ( cái gì đó đúng dù không có bằng chứng)

SYNONYM : assume

query (ˈkwɪəri)

(v.) a question, especially one asking for information or expressing a doubt about something = hỏi, nghi vấn, thẩm vấn

(n.) to ask a question; to put a question to somebody = câu hỏi, thẩm vấn, sự nghi vấn

reckon (ˈrekən)

(v.) to think something or have an opinion about something = suy nghĩ, tin rằng, cho rằng ( that) ( informal)

reflect (rɪˈflekt)

(v.) to think carefully and deeply about something = suy ngẫm, suy nghĩ kĩ

skeptical (ˈskeptɪkl)

(a.) having doubts that a claim or statement is true or that something will happen = nghi ngờ về cái gì

speculate (ˈspekjuleɪt)

(v.) to form an opinion about something without knowing all the details or facts ( on, upon) = nghiên cứu, suy xét

suppose (səˈpəʊz)

(v.) to think or believe that something is true or possible (based on the knowledge that you have) = giả sử

academic (ˌækəˈdemɪk)

(a.) [usually before noun] connected with education, especially studying in schools and universities = - thuộc về giáo dục, học thuật

(n.) a person who teaches and/or does research at a university or college = - giảng viên

conscientious (ˌkɒnʃiˈenʃəs)

(a.) taking care to do things carefully and correctly = chu đáo, cẩn thận, tỉ mỉ, tận tâm

cram (kræm)

(v.) cram (for something) (North American English, informal or British English, oldfashioned) to learn a lot of things in a short time, in preparation for an exam = học nhồi nhét

SYNONYM: swot

curriculum (kəˈrɪkjələm)

(n.) - the subjects that are included in a course of study or taught in a school, college, etc. = chương trình học

distance learning (ˌdɪstəns ˈlɜːnɪŋ)

(n.) a system of education in which people study at home with the help of special internet sites and send or email work to their teachers = học từ xa

graduate (/ˈɡrædʒueɪt/ /ˈɡrædʒuət/)

(v.) to get a degree, especially your first degree, from a university or college = tốt nghiệp

(n.) a person who has a university degree = người tốt nghiệp

ignorant (ˈɪɡnərənt)

(a.) not having or showing much knowledge or information about things; not educated = không được ăn học, giáo dục, ngu dốt

inattentive (ˌɪnəˈtentɪv)

(a.) not paying attention to something/somebody = không chú ý

intellectual (ˌɪntəˈlektʃuəl)

(a.) connected with or using a person’s ability to think in a logical way and understand things = thuộc về đầu óc, trí tuệ

SYNONYM: mental

intelligent (ɪnˈtelɪdʒənt)

(a.) good at learning, understanding and thinking in a logical way about things; showing this ability = thông minh

intensive (ɪnˈtensɪv)

(a.) involving a lot of work or activity done in a short time = tập trung

knowledgeable (ˈnɒlɪdʒəbl)

(a.) knowing a lot = có hiểu biết, có kiến thức

SYNONYM: well- informed

lecture

(v.) to give a talk or a series of talks to a group of people on a subject, especially as a way of teaching in a university or college = giảng bài

(n.) a talk that is given to a group of people to teach them about a particular subject, often as part of a university or college course = bài giảng

mock exam (/mɒk / /ɪɡˈzæm/)

(n.) an examination, esp in a school, taken as practice before an official examination = thi thử

plagiarise (ˈpleɪdʒəraɪz)

(v.) to copy another person’s ideas, words or work and pretend that they are your own = đạo văn

self-study (ˌself ˈstʌdi)

(n.) the activity of learning about something without a teacher to help you = tự học

seminar

(n.) a class at a university or college when a small group of students and a teacher discuss or study a particular topic

(n.) a meeting for discussion or training = hội thảo

special needs (ˌspeʃ.əl ˈniːdz)

(n.phr) the particular things needed by or provided to help people who have an illness or condition that makes it difficult for them to do the things that other people do = nhu cầu đặc biệt

tuition (tjuˈɪʃn)

(n.) the money that you pay to be taught, especially in a college or university = tiền học phí

tutorial (tjuːˈtɔːriəl)

(n.) a period of teaching in a university that involves discussion between an individual student or a small group of students and a tutor = gia sư, sách hướng dẫn

brush up (on)

to improve your knowledge of something already learned but partly forgotten = cải thiện, ôn lại, ôn tập

come around to

(phr v) to change your opinion of something, often influenced by another person's opinion = thay đổi quan điểm, ý định ( vì bị ảnh hưởng bởi quan điểm của người khác

come up with

- to suggest or think of an idea or plan = nghĩ ra ( ý kiến, kế hoạch)

face up to

to accept that a difficult situation exists = chấp nhận, đối mặt

figure out

(phr v) to understand or solve something = hiểu, giải quyết cái gì

hit upon

(phr v) to think of an idea when you didn't expect or intend to, especially one that solves a problem = bất chợ nghĩ ra

make out

see, hear or understand s.o or sth with difficulties/ suggest/ imply = thấy, nghe, hiểu / đề nghị/ ám chỉ

mull over

(phr v) to spend time thinking carefully about a plan or proposal = xem xét kĩ, cân nhắc

SYNONYM: consider

piece together

to understand a story, situation, etc. by taking all the facts and details about it and putting them together = hiểu được, biết được ( bằng cách gom, tổng hợp dữ liệu)

puzzle out

to find the answer to a difficult or confusing problem by thinking carefully = tìm ra câu trả lời

SYNONYM: work out

read up ( on/ about)

to read a lot about a subject = đọc nhiều ( về 1 chủ đề)

swot up (on)

to study a particular subject very hard, especially in order to prepare for an exam = nghiên cứu, ôn kĩ

take in

- to understand or remember something that you hear or read = hiểu, nhớ cái gì vừa nghe, đọc

- to make somebody believe something that is not true = lừa ai

- to allow somebody to stay in your home = cho ai ở nhờ

think over

to consider something carefully, especially before reaching a decision

• I'll _ it _ and give you an answer next week.

think through

(phr v) to consider a problem or a possible course of action fully = xem xét kĩ

think up

invent or imagine sth, especially an excuse = bịa, tưởng tượng

go to your head

If something ___________, it makes that person think that they are very important and makes them a less pleasant person = nghĩ rằng, ảo tưởng rằng mình quan trọng hơn người khác

have / keep (all) your wits about you

be able to think quickly and make sensible decisions = có thể suy nghĩ nhanh và đưa ra quyết định hợp lí

in the dark (about)

not knowing much about sth because other people keep it secret from you = không biết cái gì (vì người khác giấu bạn)

know what's what

If you _________, you have a lot of experience and can judge people and situations well = biết rõ, hiểu rõ

not have a leg to stand on

to be in a situation in which you cannot prove something = không có cách nào chứng minh rằng bạn đúng.

Not see the wood for the trees

to be unable to get a general understanding of a situation because you are too worried about the details = không nhìn thấy đại cuộc vì quá chú trọng tiểu tiết.

Put two and two together

to guess the truth about a situation from what you have seen or heard = đoán được sự thật dựa vào điều mh thấy và nghe.

quick/slow on the uptake

If someone is quick/slow _______, they understand things easily/with difficulty = hiểu vấn đề nhanh/ khó khăn

Ring a bell

to sound familiar = nhớ mang máng

Round the bend

(idiom) mentally confused or unable to act in a reasonable way// to become crazy = trở nên điên khùng, không thể hành động đúng đắn.

Split hairs

to argue about small details of something = tranh luận về những điều nhỏ nhặt

Take stock (of)

to think carefully about a situation or event and form an opinion about it, so that you can decide what to do = suy nghĩ kĩ, xem xét kĩ, cân nhắc

To say the least

used to show that something is worse or more serious than you are actually saying = ít nhất

account for

to be the explanation or cause of something

• SYNONYM: explain = giải thích

to form the total of

(give) an account of

To recount information about someone or something to one = kể lại, thuật lại thông tin về ai đó

take into account = take into consideration

to consider or remember something when judging a situation

• A good architect ___ the building's surroundings

take account of

to consider something when you are trying to make a decision = xem xét, cân nhắc cái gì khi bạn cố gắng đưa ra quyết định.

on account of

because of something = bởi vì

by all accounts

according to what other people say = theo như mọi người nói, theo như thông tin thu được

on one's account

Because of or for the benefit of someone else = vì lợi ích của ai đó

associate sth with

to have a relationship with = có mối liên hệ, liên quan đến

(hang) in the balance

if something hangs _________ , it is not certain what will happen to it = không chắc chuyện gì sẽ xảy ra.

strike a balance

to achieve a state in which different things occur in equal or proper amounts or have an equal or proper amount of importance = giữ thế cân bằng

upset the balance

make it less equal or correct = mất sự cân bằng