MICROPARA 1ST LE (MISS BUSLON AND ALINSUG’S FLASHIES)

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

First described bacteria in 1677 with the use of a simple microscope utilizing crude lenses since first person to see live bacteria and protozoa

1. Fungi

2. Protozoa

3. Spermatozoa

What were the 3 major forms of bacteria discovered by Anton Van Leeuwenhoek?

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

Considered the Father of Microbiology, Bacteriology, Protozoology

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

Not a trained scientist, at various times a fabric merchant, surveyor, minor city official. As a hobby, ground tiny glass lenses, thus creating single lens microscopes.

Robert Hooke

Developed the compound microscope in 1678 and confirmed Leeuwenhoek’s discoveries

Compound microscope; 1678

What did Robert Hooke develop and when?

Robert Hooke

English scientist who 1st used the term cells in 1665 and describe the small chambers within the cork that he observed under a microscope of his own design

Robert Hooke

He isolated a mold of the surface of the leather and looked under the microscope of his own design (blue mold)

Spontaneous Generation Theory (Abiogenesis)

Evolutionary theory stating life arose from decomposing, nonliving material

Stanley Miller

Who is credited for the Spontaneous Generation Theory (Abiogenesis)?

Francesco Redi

The Spontaneous Generation Theory (Abiogenesis) was refuted by who by demonstrating the appearance of maggots in decomposing meat depended on the deposition of eggs by flies?

17th Century

When did Francesco Redi refute the Abiogenesis theory?

Pasteur and Tyndall

Who finally disproved the theory of Abiogenesis and proved that life must arise from preexisting life?

Rudolf Virchow

Who first proposed Theory of Biogenesis in 1858?

Rudolf Virchow

German physician and 19th century’s foremost leaders in medicine and pathology

Theory of Biogenesis

Theory that states living things can only arise from preexisting living things

Louis Pasteur

French chemist and microbiologist who was one of the most important founders of medical biology

Louis Pasteur

Able to filter microorganisms from the air and concluded this was the source of contamination

Louis Pasteur

One of the first people to successfully prove biogenesis theory

Louis Pasteur

Demonstrated the fermentation of fruits and grains by certain groups of microorganisms called “ferments”

Louis Pasteur

Developed the chicken cholera (by chance), anthrax and rabies vaccines.

Live Attenuated Vaccine

What type of vaccine is called a weakened form of a pathogen (like a virus or bacteria) to stimulate the immune system without causing the full-blown disease?

An example of this is the chicken cholera vaccine developed by Louis Pasteur.

Rabies

What was Pasteur’s first human vaccine?

John Tyndall

Proved that dust carried germs

John Tyndall

Irish physicist and avid promoter of science in Victorian era

Tyndallization

• Bacteria could be killed by successive heating

• Method which involves steaming liquids and food products at 100°C on several successive occasions or heating them in three to four occasions with a temperature of 100°C to 120°C and with an interval of 24 hours between occasions

• Used for sterilizing medicinal preparations, processing of food products in special units equipped with thermoregulators

Roger Bacon

English philosopher, educational reformer who postulated during 13th century that diseases were caused by invisible living creatures called germs.

Louis Pasteur

Who developed the Germ Theory of Disease, even if he was not the first to propose the theory?

Germ Theory of Disease

What theory did the following experiment support?

1. Pasteur used a drop of blood from a sheep dying of anthrax

2. Then he grew this in a sterile culture and repeated the process 100 times, representing a huge dilution of the original culture

3. The final culture produced anthrax.

4. This proves that anthrax bacillus caused the disease

Germ Theory of Disease

Theory that states each specific infectious disease is caused by a specific microorganism

Joseph Lister

British surgeon and scientist who spearheaded medical use of antiseptic medicine and introduced aseptic surgery by demonstrating the value of spraying OR with aqueous phenol

Joseph Lister

Developed the first pure culture technique using liquid medium which was the key to the identification of bacteria

Robert Koch

German physicist and one of the founders of the bacteriology

Robert Koch

Perfected the techniques of the identification of microorganisms that are in use today like solid media (a particular germ can cause a particular disease)

Robert Koch

Established the etiologic role of bacteria for anthrax in 1876 by conducting the following:

1. Using a microscope, examined blood of cows that died of anthrax, and observed a rod-shaped material and suspected that this was the causative agent of the cows who died because of anthrax

2. He then infected the mice with the blood from anthrax-stricken cows,

3. The mice also developed the disease

tubercule bacilli

In 1882, Robert Koch discovered the ___ ___ and formulated criteria that provided proof that a specific bacterium caused a disease (TB)

Robert Koch

Who is called the father of Pathogenic Microbiology?

Koch’s Postulates

Forms the basis of pathogenic microbiology and the causality of all infectious diseases are based on these

1. The causative agent must be present in every case of the disease and must not be present in healthy animals

2. The pathogens must be isolated from the diseased animal host and must be grown in pure culture

3. The same disease must be produced when microbes from the pure culture are inoculated into healthy susceptible animals

4. The same pathogen must be recovered once again from this artificially infected animal host, and it must be able to grow again in pure culture

Robert Koch’s 4 criteria to determine that a certain germ causes a particular disease

(1) every (2) healthy

(One of Koch’s Postulates)

Causative agent must be present in (1) ___ case of the disease and must not be present in (2) ___ animals

(1) isolated (2) pure culture

(One of Koch’s Postulates)

The pathogens must be (1) ____ from the diseased animal host and must be grown in (2) ___ ___

(1) produced (2) inoculated (3) healthy susceptible

(One of Koch’s Postulates)

The same disease must be (1) ___ when microbes from the pure culture are (2) ___ into (3) ___ ___ animals

(1) recovered (2) grow

(One of Koch’s Postulates)

The same pathogen must be (1) ___ once again from this artificially infected animal host and must be able to (2) ___ again in pure culture

1. Viruses

2. Leprosy bacilli

3. Rickettsia

4. Chlamydia

What are exceptions to Koch’s postulation?

Viruses, Rickettsia & Chlamydia

Exceptions to Koch’s Postulates that are called obligate cellular pathogens/parasites that can survive and multiply only in the living host and cannot be grown in artificial medium

Leprosy Bacilli

Exceptions to Koch’s Postulates that are inoculated in food paths of mice and also need a host.

Microbiology

Branch of biology that deals with the study of microorganisms

1. Bacteriology

2. Virology

3. Mycology

4. Parasitology

5. Immunology

Branches of microbiology

Bacteriology

Study of bacteria (bacterium)

Bacteria

Minute, unicellular organisms that have all the necessary protoplasmic equipment for growth and self-multiplication at the expense of available foodstuffs

Widely distributed

Normal Flora

• Microorganisms that live on another living organism without causing a disease;

• However sometimes, they are opportunistic and adapt by undergoing mutation as they adjust to the environment, which becomes a pathogen

Pathogen

Bacteria/viruses/microorganisms that cause a disease

Virology

Study of viruses

Obligate Intracellular Parasites

Viruses are these, which are parasites that can reproduce only within a living cell (may survive for a short while outside cell, nonliving outside cells)

DNA or RNA, but NOT both

Viruses can either have _________

Capsid (protein shell)

floating shell of the virus

1. Protects nucleic acid from digestion by enzymes. 

2. Contains special sites on surface allowing viruses to attach to host cell. 

3. Provides proteins enabling viruses to penetrate the host’s cell membrane and eject infectious nucleic acid into the cell cytoplasm

3 Functions of the Capsid of a Virus

Bacteriophage

Virus may become this which is a virus that parasitizes a bacterium by infecting it and reproducing inside it.

Naked virus

Identify the type of virus shown.

Virus with capsid inside

Identify the type of virus shown.

Mycology

Study of fungi

1. Yeast (Monomorphic)

2. Yeast & mold/filamentous (dimorphic)

Fungi can either exist as either…

Monomorphic

Fungi that exists as yeast

Dimorphic

Fungi that exists as yeast and mold

Mold

What type of fungi is shown?

Malassezia furfur

What species of a fungus is naturally found on the skin surfaces of humans but may overgrows and interferes with the normal pigmentation of the skin which results to small discolored patches?

Tinea versicolor

Discolored patches on the skin caused by Malassezia furfur

Parasitology

Study of parasites

1. Flagellates

2. Amoebae

3. Sporozoans

4. Nematodes

5. Trematodes

6. Cestodes

Types of Parasites

Trichomonas vaginalis

Identify the parasite (specifically a flagellate) shown in the picture, which is causative agent of the STD trichomoniasis.

Amoeba

Identify the parasite.

Plasmodium

Identify the parasite.

Flagellates

(parasitology)

• Cells/organisms with one or more whiplike appendages (flagella)

Amoebae

(parasitology)

• Single-cell eukaryotic organism with no definite shape and move by means of pseudopodia

Nematodes

(parasitology)

• Round worms

Trematodes

(parasitology)

• Flat worms

Cestodes

(parasitology)

• Tape worms

  • Has hooks that allow it to attach to the host

Ascaris Egg

Identify the type of parasite.

Schistosomes

(parasitology)

• “Loving” flatworms

• Gonochoristic = have distinct sexes (male or female)

• Male surrounds female and encloses with gynecoforic canal and brings female along with him

• Male feeds on host’s blood and passes to the female, as well as chemicals which help females develop

• Sometimes “divorce” when female jump to another male

Elephantiasis

(parasitology)

• caused by parasitic roundworms: wuchereria bancrofti and brugia malayi

Wuchereria bancrofti and brugia malayi

(parasitology)

• parasitic roundworms that cause Elephantiasis

Immunology

Study of the immune system

Cells, molecules and mechanisms, immunity

Phagocytosis

First line of defense in immune system

1. Prokaryotes

2. Eukaryotes

2 classification of organisms based on type of cell organization and function

1. Bacteria

2. Archaea

3. Eukarya

Taxonomists have placed all microorganisms into 3 domains which are:

Prokaryotes

Unicellular organisms that lack a membrane bound nucleus, a mitochondria and other membrane bound organelles

Distinctive structural feature is not what they have but what they lack

Lack membrane surrounding their DNA and nucleus, rather have a nucleoid

What do prokaryotes lack based on light microscopy (LM)?

Nucleoid

In prokaryotes, where the single chromosomal circular double-stranded DNA molecule is located

Lack the membrane-bound organelles

What do prokaryotes lack based on electron microscopy (EM)?

1. Bacteria

2. Archaea

2 domains included in prokaryotes

Archaea (Archaeobacteria)

Domain of bacteria that appears more closely to eukaryotic cells, found in microorganisms that grow in extreme environmental conditions.

1. Nucleotide sequence of their ribosomal RNA

2. Type of lipids in cytoplasmic membranes

3. Chemistry of cell walls

What do Bacteria and Archaea differ in?

Peptidoglycan

What does the archaea cell wall lack which is a major reason why they are placed in a separated domain from bacteria?

Gram (+) Archaea

Archaea that have thick walls and stain purple

Gram (-) Archaea

Archaea that have layer of protein covering cell wall and stain pink

Eukaryotes

Organisms whose cells have a membrane surrounding their DNA forming a nucleus.

Have internal membrane-bound compartments (organelles)

Cells of algae, protozoa, fungi, animals and plants are eukaryotic 

Larger in size and more complex than prokaryotes

Endoplasmic Reticulum

(Eukaryote Organelle)

• Process and transport proteins

Golgi Body

(Eukaryote Organelle)

• Modification of substances and transport throughout the cell, including internal delivery of molecules, and exocytosis or secretion of other molecules

Mitochondria

(Eukaryote Organelle)

• Generate energy (ATP)

Lysosomes

(Eukaryote Organelle)

• Provide an environment for controlled enzymatic degradation of intracellular substances