General Anatomy, Osteology, and Arthrology

Vocabulary flashcards generated from RAD 307 - Module 1, Chapter 2, Part 1 covering general anatomy, planes, cavities, landmarks, body habitus, osteology, bone classifications, features, arthrology, and bone markings.

Anatomic Position

Body posture where the individual is erect with head and eyes directed forward, feet slightly apart and facing forward, and arms by the side with palms facing forward.

Sagittal plane

A body plane that divides the body into right and left portions.

Midsagittal plane

A body plane that divides the body into equal right and left halves.

Coronal plane

A body plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.

Midcoronal plane

A body plane that divides the body into equal anterior and posterior halves.

Transverse or horizontal plane

A body plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions.

Oblique plane

A body plane that passes through the body at an angle.

Thoracic Cavity

A main body cavity containing the pleural membranes, lungs, trachea, esophagus, pericardium, heart, and great vessels.

Abdominopelvic Cavity

A main body cavity containing the peritoneum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, stomach, intestines, kidneys, ureters, major blood vessels, and pelvic organs.

Gonion

An external landmark referring to the angle of the mandible, located at the level of C2, C3.

Thyroid cartilage

An external landmark located at C5, also known as the laryngeal prominence or Adam's apple.

Vertebra prominens

An external landmark corresponding to the level of C7 and T1.

Jugular notch level

External landmark corresponding to the level of T2, T3.

Sternal angle level

External landmark corresponding to the level of T4, T5.

Inferior angles of scapulae level

External landmark corresponding to the level of T7.

Xiphoid process level

External landmark corresponding to the level of T9, T10.

Inferior costal margin level

External landmark corresponding to the level of L2, L3.

Superiormost aspect of iliac crests level

External landmark corresponding to the level of L4, L5.

Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) level

External landmark corresponding to the level of S1, S2.

Sthenic

Average body habitus representing $50\%$ of the population, characterized by a moderately transverse heart, moderate length lungs, moderately high diaphragm, LUQ stomach, and centered gallbladder in RUQ.

Hyposthenic

Body habitus representing $35\%$ of the population, with organs and characteristics intermediate between sthenic and asthenic.

Asthenic

Extreme body habitus representing $10\%$ of the population, characterized by a nearly vertical heart at midline, long lungs with apices above clavicles, low diaphragm, low/medial stomach in pelvis when standing, and low gallbladder.

Hypersthenic

Extreme body habitus representing $5\%$ of the population, characterized by a nearly transverse heart axis, short lungs, high diaphragm, high transverse stomach, peripheral colon, and high lateral gallbladder.

Osteology

The study of bones, including their structure, development, and function.

Axial skeleton

Division of the skeleton that consists of $80$ bones.

Appendicular skeleton

Division of the skeleton that consists of $126$ bones.

Nutrient Foramen

An opening in the periosteum near the center of long bones.

Nutrient Artery

Artery that supplies cancellous bone and marrow.

Epiphyseal Artery

Artery that independently supplies the ends of long bones.

Periosteal Arteries

Arteries that enter at multiple points to supply compact bone.

Diaphysis

The shaft of a long bone.

Epiphysis

The expanded end of a long bone.

Metaphysis

The flared region between the diaphysis and epiphysis of a bone.

Epiphyseal plate

The cartilaginous growth plate in an immature bone.

Epiphyseal line

The bony remnant of the growth plate present after skeletal maturity.

Long Bones

Bones found primarily in upper and lower limbs with a long cylindrical shaft and two enlarged rounded ends, classified by shape rather than overall size.

Short Bones

Bones consisting mainly of cancellous bone containing red marrow with a thin outer layer of compact bone, such as carpal and tarsal bones.

Flat Bones

Bones consisting of two tables of compact bone with a narrow space containing cancellous bone and red marrow (diploe) between them.

Irregular Bones

Bones with peculiar shapes and a variety of forms that do not fit into other shape classifications, consisting of compact bone externally and cancellous bone internally.

Sesamoid Bones

Small and oval bones that develop inside, near, and beside tendons.

Arthrology

The study of joints and articulations.

Synarthroses

Functional classification of joints defined as immovable, such as skull sutures.

Amphiarthroses

Functional classification of joints defined as slightly movable, such as the pubic symphysis.

Diarthroses

Functional classification of joints defined as freely movable, such as the elbow, knee, or finger.

Syndesmosis

A type of fibrous, slightly movable joint, such as the inferior tibiofibular joint.

Suture

A type of fibrous, immovable joint, such as the sutures of the skull.

Gomphosis

A type of fibrous, immovable joint, such as the roots of the teeth.

Symphysis

A type of cartilaginous, slightly movable joint.

Synchondrosis

A type of cartilaginous, immovable joint containing firm cartilage that unites two bones.

Gliding joint

Uniaxial synovial joint permitting slight movement.

Hinge joint

Uniaxial synovial joint permitting flexion and extension.

Pivot joint

Uniaxial synovial joint permitting rotation around a single axis.

Ellipsoid joint

Biaxial synovial joint permitting movement in two directions at right angles.

Saddle joint

Biaxial synovial joint, such as in the thumb.

Ball-and-Socket joint

Multiaxial synovial joint featuring a round head and cup-shaped depression permitting flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, and rotation.

Condyle

Rounded process at an articular extremity.

Coracoid

Beak-like process.

Coronoid

Crown-like process.

Crest

Ridge-like process.

Epicondyle

Projection above a condyle.

Facet

Small, smooth-surfaced process for articulation with another structure.

Hamulus

Hook-shaped process.

Head

Expanded end of a long bone.

Horn

Horn-like process on a bone.

Line

Less prominent ridge than a crest; linear elevation.

Malleolus

Club-shaped process.

Neck

Narrowed area just below the head of a bone.

Protuberance

Projecting part or prominence.

Spine

Sharp process.

Styloid

Long, pointed process.

Trochanter

Either of two large, rounded, and elevated processes found exclusively on the femur.

Tubercle

Small, rounded, elevated process.

Tuberosity

Large, rounded, elevated process.

Fissure

Narrow, slit-like cleft or opening that often separates structures.

Foramen

Opening through a bone that permits passage of nerves, blood vessels, the spinal cord, or other structures.

Fossa

Pit or hollow space.

Groove

Shallow linear channel.

Meatus

Tube-like passageway running within a bone.

Notch

Indentation into the border of a bone.

Sinus

Air-filled or hollow cavity within a bone, often lined with mucous membrane.

Sulcus

Groove or furrow that often accommodates a vessel, nerve, tendon, or other structure.