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The key roles of introductions in a speech: gaining attention, gaining goodwill of the audience, stating purpose, and previewing and structure the speech.
How to gain the good will of the audience
Credibility
External Credibility
is the type of credibility you as a speaker gain by association: use of sources that the audience finds credible
Internal credibility
You develop as the speaker through specific actions.
To build internal credibility
 First: appropriately attired for a public presentation.Â
Second: make eye contact with the audience before you speak.Â
Third: speak clearly, fluently and confidently.
4th: demonstrating personal experience with or knowledge of the topic of your speech
5th: showing a connection to your audience, demonstrating shared experiences or shared values ex. Talking about how everyone had to bundle up to go to school today
Techniques used at the start of a speech to engage the audience's interest.
Tell a story
Refer to the occasion
Refer to recent or historical events
Refer to previous speeches
Refer to personal interest
Use startling statistics
Use an Analogy
Use a quoation
Ask a question
Use humor
stories have a built-in structure that everyone recognizes and expects
stories have a beginning, middle and end, and this built-in structure allows the audience and the speaker to immediately share this experience.
stories as attention getters lend themselves readily to a well- structured speech
Refer to the occasion
You can provide reasons why you and the audience is here
Ex. toasts and historical events
Refer to recent or historical events
-creates a shared experience between the speaker and the audience
-can also establish goodwill and credibility
Ex. Gettysburg Address
Refer to previous Speeches
If you are talking about a topic previously discussed in another speech it shows credibility to refer to the past speech
Ex. a classmate give a speech on the same topic right before you then you should refer to their speech
Use a quotation
Using a quote is an attention getter
You are borrowing someone else’s credibility
Needs to be in context of your speech
Should be a short quote
Ex. quoting a movie line relevant to your topic to start
A question posed for effect, not requiring an answer, meant to engage the audience.
allow you to maintain control over a speech situation, and allow you to guard against an inappropriate or even offensive response.
Ex. asking have you ever thought about… questions
Asking real questions forces the audience to pay attention in order to participate
Creates connection and credibility
A technique to create a connection with the audience, but it must be used carefully.
If done well:
-creates a connection between speaker and audience
-audience feels comfortable
-audience perceives speaker positively
If done bad:
-will destroy speech
-will destroy credibility
Because humor is based on understanding of language and culture
Comparisons made to explain something unfamiliar by relating it to something known. Ex. “Life is like a box of chocolates, you never know what you're going to get“
Preparing the introduction
Construct the introduction last to make sure the body of the speech drives the introduction
Make it relevant- must relate to the speech
Be succinct- needs to be concise, no more than 10-15% of the speech should be the introduction
Write out word for word- deliver memorized so it is short and has met all 4 functions
The final statement or element of a speech designed to leave a strong impression.
You can finish the story in the introduction
You can retell the story from the introduction
You can use humor- but this could always go wrong
The function of a conclusion that restates main ideas and brings the speech full circle.
This is a mirror image of the preview in the introduction
Restatement brings the speech full circle
Using language and cues to signal that the speech is concluding.
Ex. you can use language cues (“now that we have seen that we can solve this problem effectively, we can review the entire situation”), movement cues (physically moving back to the center of the room where you began the speech), and paralinguistic cues (slow the rate of the speech, use more pauses)Â
Functions of conclusions
Prepare audience for the end
Present final appeals
Summarize and close
End with a clicher
Appeals and challenges
Present final appeals and challenges
The conclusion should leave the audience motivated positively toward you and the topic you have been presenting
Appeals are generally phrased more as requests, while challenges can take on a more forceful tone, almost ordering or daring audiences to engage in thought or action.
Composing the Conclusion
Introductions and conclusions are mirror images of one another and should be prepared at the same time
Conclusions should be short only 10% of time
Should also write out conclusion and memorize
Do not include new information
Follow the structure- do the same thing as the introduction